“…To measure the motivational aspects of social play behaviour, we used an operant conditioning task, in which rats pressed a lever for access to a playful partner under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement (Achterberg et al, 2019;Achterberg, Van Kerkhof, et al, 2016;. Place conditioning was used to gauge whether pleasurable aspects of social play behaviour were affected by treatment with nicotine and alcohol (Achterberg et al, 2019;Bardo & Bevins, 2000;Calcagnetti & Schechter, 1992;Douglas, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2004;Tzschentke, 2007;Vanderschuren et al, 2016). Since both alcohol and nicotine enhance the expression of social play behaviour at least partly via dopamine signalling (Trezza, Baarendse, et al, 2009) and dopamine neurotransmission has been implicated in the motivation for social play (Achterberg, Van Kerkhof, et al, 2016), we predicted that alcohol and nicotine increase the motivation to play.…”