Opponent process additivity—II. Yellow/blue equilibria and nonlinear models

Larimer, James; Krantz, David H.; Cicerone, Carol M.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(75)90291-6

Cited by 139 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…40 However, in a variation of that theory, M-cones can also contribute to blueness via a nonlinear contribution to the Y/B pathway, the strength of which depends on adapting condition and observer. 41 This general hypothesis is also consistent with our data. A reviewer kindly suggested a further possibility, that M-cones can contribute to a variety of hues by stimulating one or other "higher-order" color mechanism, 42 depending on the condition.…”

Section: Implications For Color Theorysupporting

confidence: 82%

Color-naming of M-cone incremental flashes

Schirillo

Reeves

2001

Color Res. Appl.

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To study which hues are associated with brief excitations of foveal middle-wavelength (M) cones, two highly practiced color-normal observers (the authors) gave basic color names to 500 and 530 nm increments. The test spots were presented to the fovea and foveola in conditions that included M-cone isolation. 1°and 3.6 min arc tests were flashed for 200 ms on steady 8.6Ј, 1°, or 10°mono-chromatic adapting fields (481, 530, 610, and 630 nm), or on mixtures of these fields, or on a dark field. Tests were flashed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 ϫ thresholds. Field hue had little overall effect. Yellow, green, blue-green, and blue colornames were elicited, both for the foveal 1°tests and for 3.6 min tests confined to the S-cone free foveola. These data add to previous research by showing a contribution of M-cones to blueness on monochromatic fields, as well as on achromatic fields. Because the 500 and 530 nm tests appear green when presented steadily on these same fields, the M-cone contribution to blue may well be transitory.

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Section: Implications For Color Theorysupporting

confidence: 82%

Color-naming of M-cone incremental flashes

Schirillo

Reeves

2001

Color Res. Appl.

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“…The extent to which these spectral sensitivities are nonlinear, and the conditions under which these nonlinearities are manifest, remain unclear. 51,52,[57][58][59][60] However, individual differences in color appearance based on different linear cone combinations predict stronger dependence for the binary hues than we observed, for in that case the spectral sensitivities are completely determined by and covary with the focal direction.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Variations in normal color vision IV Binary hues and hue scaling

2005

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We used hue cancellation and focal naming to compare individual differences in stimuli selected for unique hues (e.g., pure blue or green) and binary hues (e.g., blue-green). Standard models assume that binary hues depend on the component responses of red-green and blue-yellow processes. However, variance was comparable for unique and binary hues, and settings across categories showed little correlation. Thus, the choices for the binary mixtures are poorly predicted by the unique hue settings. Hue scaling was used to compare individual differences both within and between categories. Ratings for distant stimuli were again independent, while neighboring stimuli covaried and revealed clusters near the poles of the LvsM and SvsLM cardinal axes. While individual differences were large, mean focal choices for red, blue-green, yellow-green, and (to a lesser extent) purple fall near the cardinal axes, such that the cardinal axes roughly delineate the boundaries for blue vs. green and yellow vs. green categories. This suggests a weak tie between the cone-opponent axes and the structure of color appearance.

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“…Linear expressions provide acceptable fits to the experimentally determined hue cancellation functions upon which the quantitative model was originally based; hence, they are used in this presentation. Outcomes of experimental tests by a number of investigators are consistent with linearity for the red/green chromatic channel, although for the yellow/blue channel departures from linearity have been found that seem to vary in degree from one observer to the next (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Because the test measures used as the index of adaptation and recovery in the experiments reported here involve only the red/green system, we can accept the linear relation as an adequate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Receptoral and postreceptoral visual processes in recovery from chromatic adaptation.

Jameson¹,

Hurvich²,

Varner³

1979

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The time course of recovery from chromatic adaptation in human vision was tracked by determining the wavelength of light that appears uniquely yellow (neither red nor green) both before and after exposure to yellowish green and yellowish red adapting lights. Recovery is complete within 5 min after steady light exposure. After exposure to the alternating repeated sequence 10-sec light/b-sec dark, the initial magnitude of the aftereffect is reduced but recovery is retarded. The results are interpreted in terms of two processes located at different levels in the hierarchical organization of the visual system. One is a change in the balance of cone rece tor sensitivities the second is a shift in the equilibrium base~hne between opposite-signed responses of the red/green channel at the opponent-process neural level. The basemine-shift mechanism is effective in the condition in which repeated input signals originating at the receptors are of sufficient strength to activate the system effectively. Hence, this process is revealed in the alternating adaptation condition when the receptors undergo partial recovery after each light exposure, but receptor adaptation during continued steady light exposure effectively protects the subsequent neural systems from continued strong activation.A salient characteristic of the visual system is its adaptability. It adapts to the level of ambient light, which accounts for the broad (orders of magnitude) range of light levels within which useful vision is possible, and also to the spectral weighting of the ambient light, which accounts for the relative stability of the world of colored objects when seen in various artificial and natural conditions of illumination. The changes that occur during light exposure and the recovery to the preexposure state after light stimulation can be assessed for human observers by standard psychophysical techniques appropriate for threshold estimates of visual sensitivity or by suprathreshold measures based on some constant criterion of visual response. Such measurements have shown, in earlier studies, that visual adaptation can be attributed in part to the retinal receptors and their photosensitive pigments which bleach upon absorption of light quanta and regenerate when the flow of incident quanta is diminished (1, 2). However, retinal receptor adaptation alone cannot account for all of the phenomena attendant upon exposure to different levels and spectral distributions of adapting lights. Also implicated are the neural levels (in the retina and possibly also more centrally in the visual system) where excitatory-inhibitory interactions occur, in neural systems that are laterally interrelated, and in temporal rebound or feedback processes (3-6).Our own earlier studies were concerned with relating different steady-state adaptation conditions, whether to different levels of light exposure or to different spectral distributions of adapting light. The study reported here is concerned with the time course of recovery to a neutral equilibrium conditio...

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Opponent process additivity—II. Yellow/blue equilibria and nonlinear models

Cited by 139 publications

References 8 publications

Color-naming of M-cone incremental flashes

Color-naming of M-cone incremental flashes

Variations in normal color vision IV Binary hues and hue scaling

Receptoral and postreceptoral visual processes in recovery from chromatic adaptation.

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