2022
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127308
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Opportunistic Pathogens of Recreational Waters with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Resistance—A Possible Subject of Human Health Concern

Abstract: Infections caused by exposure to opportunistic pathogens can cause serious health problems during recreational water use. The problem of diseases caused by microbes transmitted by water is a major public health challenge, especially in developing countries with economic problems and poor hygiene conditions. Moreover, the quality of water in natural reservoirs is often at a very low level in terms of microbiological water purity, which means that their use for recreational purposes, but also as a source of drin… Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(16 citation statements)
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“…The rapid decay of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental water supports the suggestion of the CDC that viral transmission through contact with contaminated waters is low. This result, however, shows that human-derived microorganisms could reach the coastal environments, highlighting the possibility that oro-fecal transmited and antimicrobial resistant pathogens with longer persistence rates could be introduced to recreational water [ 11 , 47 , 48 ]. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was moderately correlated with TC and E. coli abundance.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The rapid decay of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental water supports the suggestion of the CDC that viral transmission through contact with contaminated waters is low. This result, however, shows that human-derived microorganisms could reach the coastal environments, highlighting the possibility that oro-fecal transmited and antimicrobial resistant pathogens with longer persistence rates could be introduced to recreational water [ 11 , 47 , 48 ]. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was moderately correlated with TC and E. coli abundance.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While most E. coli are non-pathogenic commensals, pathogenic ESBL-producing MDR phenotypes are common and are responsible for many nosocomial infections [ 40 ]. Such organisms have been isolated from drinking water [ 40 , 41 ], recreational waters [ 19 ], and surface waters [ 11 ]. One of the major concerns associated with the introduction of septic system effluent into environmental waters is that they will expand the reservoir of resistance genes [ 41 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, effluent from onsite sanitation systems has been shown to spread antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) into the environment via human fecal pollution [ 18 ]. The presence of ARB in aquatic systems presents a serious public health issue, particularly for waters with designated uses such as recreation [ 19 ], drinking water intake, and crop irrigation [ 20 ]. Therefore, more tracking is required to assess the threat from potential sources of ARB, particularly those that may disseminate resistance genes in environmental reservoirs.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The annual economic loss associated with aquaculture diseases worldwide was estimated to be more than US$6 billion per year ( World Bank, 2014 ). Opportunistic bacterial pathogens can contact and infect humans through exposure routes such as contaminated seafood and recreational water activities ( Stec et al., 2022 ), with an annual economic cost of recreation-associated waterborne illness in the United States to be between US$2.2 – $3.7 billion ( DeFlorio-Barker et al., 2018 ). Thus, conducting effective and efficient surveillance to identify and monitor pathogen occurrence and distribution in coastal waters is of critical importance to serve warning purposes for disease outbreak and food safety, with implications for water quality management plans and mediating public health risks.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%