Opportunistic random searcher versus intentional search image user

Abstract

We consider two types of optimal foragers: a random searcher and a search image user. A search image user can find its desired prey with higher and undesired prey with lower probability than a random searcher. Our model considers the density-dependent travelling time and the time duration of reproduction (oviposition). In the framework of optimal foraging theory for one predator–two prey systems, we find that there are ranges of prey densities in which the search image user has a higher net energy intake, and there are other ranges of prey densities in which the random searcher has higher net energy intake. The damsel bug Nabis pseudoferus Remane (Hemiptera: Nabidae) is a generalist predator rather than an omnivore. This species has a wide range of arthropod prey (predominantly insects and mites). Several aspects of the biology of this species have been studied, especially its cannibalistic behaviour, which is a quite important feature because N. pseudoferus is often used as a biological control agent against lepidopteran pests in greenhouse crops. Experimentally, we found that Nabis is a search image user in the above sense.

The biology of seed discrimination and its role in shaping the foraging ecology of carabids: A review

“…The logic of optimal foraging theory assumes that food recognition and acceptance in selective foragers is guided by “search images” hardwired in the brain or learned from the environment (Garay et al., 2018 ; Krieger & Breer, 1999 ). Technically speaking, search images could be visual, chemical, or complex (visual and chemical) (Vet & Dicke, 1992 ).…”

“…Instead, the two strategies should work together, and abundance of preferable weed seed types would determine seed selection decisions in such cases (Pyke et al., 1977 ). One key difference from frequency dependence here is that upon an initial successful encounter with the preferable food type in the environment, the selective forager would alter its foraging behavior toward increasing the chances of coming across the preferable food type (Garay et al., 2018 ; Sih, 1980 , 1984 ). Thus, food searching behavioral patterns exhibited by selective foragers should be directed rather than random, and not driven by encounter rates alone (Pyke et al., 1977 ; Hassell & Southwood, 1978 ).…”

Technical review on derivation methods for behavior dependent functional responses

“…The traveling by predator is determined by the habitat preference of prey (Garay et al 2018). There are two main factors determining the ideal free distribution of prey: firstly, the habitats give different food supply (Fretwell and Lucas 1970).…”

“…The local searching in a perception range also depends on the phenotype of the prey and the behavior of the predators. For instance, when the prey is cryptic, the predator can use its search image (Garay et al 2018, Tinbergen 1960.…”

“…Thus it is a function of the functional response (cf. Garay et al 2012Garay et al , 2018. Consequently, functional response is the most essential component in trophic interactions, since it describes the intensity of the trophic connections.…”