“…When considered from a pedagogical engineering perspective, developing the systems for adaptive learning implementation is therefore a joint action by pedagogical engineers, system designers, etc., (Zargane et al, 2023). From the epistemological perspective, it is knowledge innovation engineering, which is the open innovation of domain knowledge experts, including teachers and learners, in developing adaptive learning processes to facilitate knowledge transfer and value sharing for a sustainable society (Berding et al, 2021). And from the didactic perspective, it is how didactic engineers and researchers work with teachers to design logical and feasible instruction, teaching and learning processes, analysis, and assessment programs based on a knowledge of learning theories and methods that are dynamically adapted to learning needs and goals (Grugeon-Allys et al, 2022).…”