“…This assumption is a primary rationale for the creation of state and Common Core content standards, which specify the particular skills and knowledge students are to acquire and therefore provide guidance for teachers on the most important content to be taught. Students' opportunity to learn (OTL) the content specified in the standards is thought to be an essential element for ensuring the validity of assessment results used to guide decisions for school accountability (McDonnell, 1995;Porter, 1995;Schmidt, Cogan, Houang, & McKnight, 2011). Research bears out the importance of content coverage in affecting student learning gains across subjects (e.g., Gamoran, Porter, Smithson, & White, 1997;Sebring, 1987).…”