“…These seven algorithms are binary artificial bee colony algorithm (BABC), 38 binary biogeography based optimization (BBBO), 39 binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), 40 (BTLBO), 41 binary whale optimization algorithm (bWOA), 42 oppositional brain storm optimization (OBSO), 43 and binary GSK optimization algorithm (BGSK). 44 It is worth noting that when applying the original GSK to solve the concerned problem, the individuals are converted from floating encoding to binary encoding with the sigmoid transfer function as that done in [40,42,43]. For the original GSK and the proposed LOBGSK, the level division parameter p, knowledge rate K and knowledge ratio k r are set to 0.1, 10, and 0.9, respectively.…”