Optic flow is calibrated to walking effort

Zadra, Jonathan R.; Proffítt, Dennis R.

doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1017-6

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Direct energy manipulations such as consummation of a caloric drink ( Schnall et al, 2010 ; Zadra et al, 2016 ) or action-based measures or perceptual matching (e.g., Witt et al, 2004 ) might be more robust and independent from task demands. The same could be true for studies manipulating energy expenditure and visual flow ( Proffitt et al, 2003 ; Experiments 2, 3; Zadra and Proffitt, 2016 , Experiment 3). These (and other) studies provide converging evidence for effort influencing perception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Task Construal Influences Estimations of the Environment

Keric¹,

Sebanz²

2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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People’s characteristics can affect their perception of the physical environment, and the judgments and estimates they make about their surroundings. Estimates of the environment change based on observers’ metabolic state, physical properties, and the potential effort they would need to exert for a certain action. The functional role of such scaling is to provide agents with information on possible actions and their energetic costs. Combining actions with costs facilitates both higher-level planning (e.g., choosing an optimal running speed on a marathon) as well as planning on lower levels of an action hierarchy, such as determining the best movement trajectories for energy-efficient action. Recently, some of the findings on reported effects of effort on perception have been challenged as arising from task demands—participants guessing the purpose of the experimental manipulation and adjusting their estimates as a result. Arguably however, the failed replications used overly distracting cover stories which may have introduced task demands of their own, and masked other effects. The current study tested the generality of effects of potential effort on height and distance perception, employing effective yet not distracting cover stories. Four experiments attempted to identify conditions under which anticipated effort may systematically change perceptual estimates. Experiment 1 found that height estimates were not influenced by the effort required to place objects of different weights onto surfaces of varying heights. Experiments 2, 3 used two different effort manipulations (walking vs. hopping; and carrying an empty vs. a heavy backpack, respectively) and found that these did not influence estimates of distance (to be) traveled. Experiment 4 also used backpack weight to manipulate effort but critically, unlike Exp. 1–3 it did not employ a cover story and participants did not traverse distances after giving estimates. In contrast with the first three experiments, distances in the final experiment were estimated as longer when participants were encumbered by a backpack. Combined, these results suggest that the measured effects on the estimation of distance were due to how participants construed the task rather than being of a perceptual nature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Task Construal Influences Estimations of the Environment

Keric¹,

Sebanz²

2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…This minimization requires repeated iterations to optimise the behaviour. Minimisation of transport costs is learnt, linked to the changes in the visual consequences of forward motion [30,[35][36][37][38]. All of the above studies were for locomotion on the level.…”

Section: Minimizing Energetic Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

When weight is an encumbrance; avoidance of stairs by different demographic groups

Eves

2020

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundLocomotion is an energy costly behaviour, particularly when it entails raising weight against gravity. Minimization of locomotor costs appears a universal default. Avoidance of stair climbing helps humans minimise their energetic costs. In public access settings, demographic subgroups that raise more 'dead' weight than their comparison groups when climbing are more likely to avoid stairs by choosing the escalator. Individuals who minimise stair costs at work, however, can accumulate a deficit in energy expenditure in daily life with potential implications for weight gain. This paper tests the generality of avoidance of stairs in pedestrians encumbered by additional weight in three studies. MethodsPedestrian choices for stairs or the alternative were audited by trained observers who coded weight status, presence of large bags and sex for each pedestrian. Sex-specific silhouettes for BMIs of 25 facilitated coding of weight status. Choices between stairs and a lift to ascend and descend were coded in seven buildings (n = 26,981) and at an outdoor city centre site with the same alternatives (n = 7,433). A further study audited choices to ascend when the alternative to stairs was a sloped ramp in two locations (n = 16,297). Analyses employed bootstrapped logistic regression (1000 samples). ResultsAt work and the city centre site, the overweight, those carrying a large bag and females avoided both stair climbing and descent more frequently than their comparison groups. The final study revealed greater avoidance of stairs in these demographic subgroups when the alternative means of ascent was a sloped ramp. DiscussionMinimization of the physiological costs of transport-related walking biases behaviour towards avoidance of stair usage when an alternative is available. Weight carried is an encumbrance that can deter stair usage during daily life. This minimization of physical

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“…For example, when walking for transport, humans adopt a stride frequency, length, and width that minimizes the energy cost of the behavior ( 92 ). This minimization is learnt, linked to changes in visual perception associated with walking ( 93 – 95 ). Standing costs less energy than walking and sitting costs less energy than standing (Figure 1 ) thereby creating an incentive to avoid energy expenditure by sitting when possible.…”

Section: Barriers Against Interrupting Sitting Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Postprandial Hyperglycemia With Physical Activity May Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. But What Should We Do, and When Is the Right Time to Move?

Solomon

Eves

Laye

2018

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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Physical inactivity and excessive postprandial hyperglycemia are two major independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-related mortality. Current health policy guidelines recommend at least 150 min of physical activity per week coupled with reduced daily sedentary behavior by interrupting prolonged sitting with bouts of light activity every 30-min. This evidence-based strategy promotes health and quality of life. Since modern lifestyle enforces physical inactivity through motorized transportation and seated office working environments, this review examines the practical strategies (standing, walking, stair climbing, and strength-based circuit exercises) for reducing sitting time and increasing activity during the workday. Furthermore, since postprandial hyperglycemia poses the greatest relative risk for developing type 2 diabetes and its cardiovascular complications, this review examines a novel hypothesis that interrupting sitting time would be best focused on the postprandial period in order to optimize blood glucose control and maximize cardiometabolic health. In doing so, we aim to identify the science gaps which urgently need filling if we are to optimize healthcare policy in this critical area.

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Optic flow is calibrated to walking effort

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

Task Construal Influences Estimations of the Environment

Task Construal Influences Estimations of the Environment

When weight is an encumbrance; avoidance of stairs by different demographic groups

Targeting Postprandial Hyperglycemia With Physical Activity May Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. But What Should We Do, and When Is the Right Time to Move?

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