Optic Nerve Regeneration

Benowitz, Larry I.

doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.152

Cited by 65 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…By virtue of its functional significance, accessibility, and well-defined anatomy, the optic nerve has been studied intensively for insights into factors that limit or promote axon regeneration in the CNS. In the past decade, several strategies have been found to enable retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the projection neurons of the eye, to regenerate axons part-way through the injured optic nerve (1,2). However, it is not known whether large numbers of regenerating axons can extend into the brain, reinnervate appropriate target areas, and restore function.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-length axon regeneration in the adult mouse optic nerve and partial recovery of simple visual behaviors

Lima

Koriyama

Kurimoto

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

317

290

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The mature optic nerve cannot regenerate when injured, leaving victims of traumatic nerve damage or diseases such as glaucoma with irreversible visual losses. Recent studies have identified ways to stimulate retinal ganglion cells to regenerate axons part-way through the optic nerve, but it remains unknown whether mature axons can reenter the brain, navigate to appropriate target areas, or restore vision. We show here that with adequate stimulation, retinal ganglion cells are able to regenerate axons the full length of the visual pathway and on into the lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and other visual centers. Regeneration partially restores the optomotor response, depth perception, and circadian photoentrainment, demonstrating the feasibility of reconstructing central circuitry for vision after optic nerve damage in mature mammals.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-length axon regeneration in the adult mouse optic nerve and partial recovery of simple visual behaviors

Lima

Koriyama

Kurimoto

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

317

290

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“…8, A and B ;Park et al, 2008;Benowitz and Yin, 2010). 8-12-wk-old LSL-kaBraf: Bax / mice and Bax / controls were injected intravitreally with AAV2-Cre to induce kaB-RAF expression in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and then subjected to optic nerve crush.…”

Section: Kab-raf Enables Regeneration Of Injured Adult Drg Central Axmentioning

confidence: 99%

B-RAF kinase drives developmental axon growth and promotes axon regeneration in the injured mature CNS

O’Donovan¹,

Ma²,

Guo³

et al. 2014

J Cell Biol

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Activation of intrinsic growth programs that promote developmental axon growth may also facilitate axon regeneration in injured adult neurons. Here, we demonstrate that conditional activation of B-RAF kinase alone in mouse embryonic neurons is sufficient to drive the growth of long-range peripheral sensory axon projections in vivo in the absence of upstream neurotrophin signaling. We further show that activated B-RAF signaling enables robust regenerative growth of sensory axons into the spinal cord after a dorsal root crush as well as substantial axon regrowth in the crush-lesioned optic nerve. Finally, the combination of B-RAF gain-of-function and PTEN loss-of-function promotes optic nerve axon extension beyond what would be predicted for a simple additive effect. We conclude that cell-intrinsic RAF signaling is a crucial pathway promoting developmental and regenerative axon growth in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

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“…In contrast to the ability of the mammalian PNS to regenerate axons after injury, mammalian CNS structural and functional regeneration after injury is minimal. Injury to the RGC usually results in lifelong visual loss due to the limited ability of RGC to regenerate their axons after optic nerve injury [95] . The blood supply of the eye comes from the ophthalmic artery, a branch of internal carotid artery.…”

Section: Anatomy and Physiology Of The Optic Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

Positioning patients for spine surgery: Avoiding uncommon position-related complications

Kamel

Barnette

2014

WJO

103

111

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Positioning patients for spine surgery is pivotal for optimal operating conditions and operative-site exposure. During spine surgery, patients are placed in positions that are not physiologic and may lead to complications. Perioperative peripheral nerve injury (PPNI) and postoperative visual loss (POVL) are rare complications related to patient positioning during spine surgery that result in significant patient disability and functional loss. PPNI is usually due to stretch or compression of the peripheral nerve. PPNI may present as a brachial plexus injury or as an isolated injury of single nerve, most commonly the ulnar nerve. Understanding the etiology, mechanism and pattern of injury with each type of nerve injury is important for the prevention of PPNI. Intraoperative neuromonitoring has been used to detect peripheral nerve conduction abnormalities indicating peripheral nerve stress under general anesthesia and to guide modification of the upper extremity position to prevent PPNI. POVL usually results in permanent visual loss. Most cases are associated with prolonged spine procedures in the prone position under general anesthesia. The most common causes of POVL after spine surgery are ischemic optic neuropathy and central retinal artery occlusion. Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy is the most common cause of POVL after spine surgery. It is important for spine surgeons to be aware of POVL and to participate in safe, collaborative perioperative care of spine patients. Proper education of perioperative staff, combined with clear communication and collaboration while positioning patients in the operating room is the best and safest approach. The prevention of uncommon complications of spine surgery depends primarily on identifying high-risk patients, proper positioning and optimal intraoperative management of physiological parameters. Modification of risk factors extrinsic to the patient may help reduce the incidence of PPNI and POVL. It is important for spine surgeons to be aware of PPNI and POVL to participate in safe, collaborative perioperative care of spine patients. Proper education of perioperative staff, combined with clear communication and collaboration while positioning patients in the operating room is the best and safest approach. The prevention of uncommon complications of spine surgery depends primarily on identifying high-risk patients, proper positioning and optimal intraoperative management of physiological parameters.Kamel I, Barnette R. Positioning patients for spine surgery: Avoiding uncommon position-related complications. World J Orthop

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Optic Nerve Regeneration

Cited by 65 publications

References 87 publications

Full-length axon regeneration in the adult mouse optic nerve and partial recovery of simple visual behaviors

Full-length axon regeneration in the adult mouse optic nerve and partial recovery of simple visual behaviors

B-RAF kinase drives developmental axon growth and promotes axon regeneration in the injured mature CNS

Positioning patients for spine surgery: Avoiding uncommon position-related complications

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