Optic Response of the Tobacco Hornworm Moth Outdoors

Stanley, J.; Smith, Jesse S.; Earp, U. F.

doi:10.13031/2013.37937

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Given the observation that Neotrigonia is an adept burrower and that Mesozoic trigoniids occupied coarse, shifting substrata, I suggested that the Mesozoic adaptive radiation of the family was triggered by the origin of the kind of muscular foot that persists in Neotrigonia (Stanley 1972). This idea can be tested by the study of trigoniid dentition.…”

Section: Coadaptive Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects of the adaptive morphology and evolution of the Trigoniidae

Stanley

1978

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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During the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the Trigoniidae were the dominant family of shallow-burrowing bivalves of warm, shallow seas. Neotrigonia is the only genus that survives today. Judging from the biology of Neotrigonia and the functional morphology and occurrence of extinct genera, the Trigoniidae represent an advanced family of burrowing Bivalvia. The family has been characterized by efficient locomotion, owing in large part to the presence of an unusually muscular foot, resembling that of the living Cardiidae. Other unusual features of the Trigoniidae relate to the presence of the foot. Complex hinge teeth with secondary dentition evolved to maintain valve alignment at the wide angles of gape required for extrusion of the foot. Myophorous buttresses evolved to support the large anterior hinge teeth. These anterior features seem to have obstructed the evolution of a prosogyrous shape of the kind that facilitates burrowing within many other bivalve taxa. Alternatively, there evolved in the Trigoniidae various kinds of external shell ornamentation that aided in burrowing. Thus, the many unusual morphological features of the Trigoniidae have been strongly coadaptive. The Mesozoic Trigoniidae seem to have been more advanced animals than any shallow-burrowing, suspension-feeding bivalves of the Palaeozoic and also than certain successful living groups with similar modes of life. Though slightly less advanced than the Cardiidae, they can be regarded as the cockles of the Mesozoic. Had the group not suddenly been decimated by environmental deterioration at the end of the Mesozoic, it would undoubtedly flourish today. Neotrigonia has, in fact, speciated at a high rate in comparison with other living genera of bivalves. A relatively recent origin and lack of primitive features disqualify Neotrigonia from status as a living fossil genus. It is the sole survivor of its family, but an advanced and modern animal nonetheless.

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Section: Coadaptive Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects of the adaptive morphology and evolution of the Trigoniidae

Stanley

1978

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…T h e exploitation o f fully infaunal habitats has been lim ited by the fact th a t the ligam ent is unable to brace the shell firmly against the substrate during the probing phase of burrow ing; arcoids are slow, inefficient burrowers (Ansell & Truem an 1967). Specialization for an epifaunal mode of life is usually accompanied by substantial reduction in the anterior adductor and shell (Yonge 1953;Stanley 1972); the arcoid ligament is too weak to accommodate the tangential stress developed by anterior and posterior adductors exerting substantially different closing moments about the hinge axis. Moreover, the large foot must be retained in epifaunal arcoids such as Area and presumably some species of Parallelodon to aid in opening the shell.…”

Section: Morphogenetic Constructional Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the large foot must be retained in epifaunal arcoids such as Area and presumably some species of Parallelodon to aid in opening the shell. Thus, the weak ligament has both limited the specialization of the arcoids and facilitated the repeated changes in the direction of their evolution, between shallow burrowing and byssally attached modes of life, outlined by Stanley (1972). In the ontogeny of most arcoids, the number of hinge teeth first increases with size but later decreases, especially in very large shells (Brower 1973).…”

Section: Morphogenetic Constructional Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The early Ordovician appearance of this group is consistent with the likelihood that the Arcoida originated directly from an ancestral bivalve lineage, close to the initial divergence of the pterioids and the progenitors of the heterodonts, as indicated by Vogel (1962) and Pojeta (1971). Both the cyrtodontaceans and later fossil arcoids exhibit a range of shell forms and inferred modes of life comparable with those of living arcoids (Pojeta 1971;Stanley 1972). The later Palaeozoic arcoids are poorly known, but a major diversification took place during the Mesozoic, with the appearance of most of the modern families and sub-families during the Jurassic and Cretaceous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Limits to opportunism in the evolution of the Arcoida (Bivalvia)

Thomas

1978

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The evolution, of the arcoid bivalves is a consequence of the interaction of three distinct, complementary groups of factors which determine organic form. Arcoid diversity has resulted from the opportunistic realization of possible forms, within a range set by the limitations of ancestral morphology, by characteristic growth patterns, and by the requirements of survival in available environments. Historical, phylogenetic constraints include the evolutionary heritage common to all bivalves, the filibranch gill, a shell microstructure suited to form sturdy hinge teeth, and the initial acquistion of a hinge and a ligament both based on the serial repetition of simple elements. Constructional, morphogenetic constraints include the geometrical limitations of the spiral exoskeleton, the unsuitability of the necessarily weak ligament for either epifaunal or infaunal specialization, and hinge teeth that must remain numerous and similar in form. The principal ecological determinant of arcoid form is that individual taxa be functionally adapted to live as shallow burrowers or as endobyssate or epibyssate nestlers, frequently on physically unstable substrates. This requirement is reflected in the close relationship between the overall proportions of arcoid shells and their habitats, in contrast with the conservatism of their soft-part anatomies. Analysis of the interaction between phylogeny, growth and adaptation provides sufficient explanations for individual arcoid forms, while collectively these determinants of form define the adaptive range of the Arcoida. It also yields insight into patterns of evolution. For instance, the repeated occurrence of close evolutionary convergence between arcoid taxa is as much a function of the limited range of solutions to problems of shell growth as it is of common adaptation to a single environment.

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Optic Response of the Tobacco Hornworm Moth Outdoors

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Aspects of the adaptive morphology and evolution of the Trigoniidae

Aspects of the adaptive morphology and evolution of the Trigoniidae

Limits to opportunism in the evolution of the Arcoida (Bivalvia)

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