Optical aspects of Born-Infeld BTZ black holes in massive gravity

Abstract

We explore the dynamics of thin accretion disks, the radius of black
hole shadows, observed intensities, and the visual characteristics
of Born-Infeld BTZ black holes in massive gravity. We find out the
relations for angular velocity, specific energy, and angular
momentum of particles around the black hole. We observe that intense
Born-Infeld electromagnetic effects lead to a reduction in the
rotational motion of particles within the accretion disk, and the
massive gravity slows down the orbital motion of these particles. We
reveal that the influence of massive gravity parameter correlates
with a reduction in the black hole's shadow size, which suggests
that massive gravity effects intensify the gravitational fields,
thereby reducing the angular diameter of the shadows. On the other
hand, a higher Born-Infeld parameter enlarges the black hole's
shadow, which manifests a visual relationship between the black
hole's physical dimensions and its gravitational influence.
Moreover, we also uncover the optical characteristics of Born-Infeld
BTZ black holes, which show that the Born-Infeld parameter greatly
influences the electromagnetic field around the black hole, which
affects energy distribution in the space. Finally, we observe that
massive gravity significantly influences the spacetime structure
near black holes, which is crucial for grasping gravitational
lensing and the dynamics of accretion disks under such extreme
conditions.