Optical Characterization of Alternaria spp. Contaminated Wheat Grain and Its Influence in Early Broilers Nutrition on Oxidative Stress

Mycotoxins are frequent toxic contaminants in foods and beverages, causing a significant health threat. Interactions of mycotoxins with biotransformation enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450 enzymes, sulfotransferases, and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases) may be important due to their possible detoxification or toxic activation during enzymatic processes. Furthermore, mycotoxin-induced enzyme inhibition may affect the biotransformation of other molecules. A recent study described the strong inhibitory effects of alternariol and alternariol-9-methylether on the xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme. Therefore, we aimed to test the impacts of 31 mycotoxins (including the masked/modified derivatives of alternariol and alternariol-9-methylether) on XO-catalyzed uric acid formation. Besides the in vitro enzyme incubation assays, mycotoxin depletion experiments and modeling studies were performed. Among the mycotoxins tested, alternariol, alternariol-3-sulfate, and α-zearalenol showed moderate inhibitory actions on the enzyme, representing more than tenfold weaker impacts compared with the positive control inhibitor allopurinol. In mycotoxin depletion assays, XO did not affect the concentrations of alternariol, alternariol-3-sulfate, and α-zearalenol in the incubates; thus, these compounds are inhibitors but not substrates of the enzyme. Experimental data and modeling studies suggest the reversible, allosteric inhibition of XO by these three mycotoxins. Our results help the better understanding of the toxicokinetic interactions of mycotoxins.

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“…In addition, the consumption of wheat grain contaminated with Alternaria spp. did not affect XO activity in broiler chickens [38].…”

Section: Cereals and Corresponding Productsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Probing the Interactions of 31 Mycotoxins with Xanthine Oxidase: Alternariol, Alternariol-3-Sulfate, and α-Zearalenol Are Allosteric Inhibitors of the Enzyme

Balázs

Dombi

Zsidó

et al. 2023

Toxins

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“…Regular sampling and analysis of feed ingredients for mycotoxin levels can help identify contaminated batches and guide the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures [61]. Additionally, the use of predictive models and risk assessment tools can help anticipate potential mycotoxin outbreaks [62] and inform preventive measures to minimize their impact on laying hens production.…”

Section: Mitigation Strategies For Trichothecenes In Laying Hens Prod...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems and Mitigation Strategies of Trichothecenes Mycotoxins in Laying Hens Production

Puvača,

Ljubojević Pelić

2024

J Agron Technol Eng Manag

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This review paper comprehensively explores the problems associated with trichothecenes mycotoxins in laying hens production and discusses mitigation strategies to address these challenges. Trichothecenes, a diverse class of mycotoxins primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, are examined in terms of their nature, occurrence, toxicology, and implications in poultry production. The metabolism of T-2 toxin in poultry is analyzed, highlighting the complex biotransformation pathways and the formation of metabolites with altered toxicity profiles. The most common problems of T-2 toxin in laying hens production are discussed, including adverse effects on poultry health, performance, and table egg quality. The influence of T-2 toxin on table egg quality is explored, focusing on its impact on shell integrity, yolk color, albumen consistency, and consumer acceptance. Finally, mitigation strategies for trichothecenes in laying hens production are reviewed, encompassing both pre-harvest and post-harvest interventions such as good agricultural practices, monitoring and testing programs, physical and chemical detoxification methods, nutritional supplementation, and biosecurity measures. By understanding the nature of trichothecenes mycotoxins and implementing effective mitigation strategies, producers can ensure the safety, welfare, and productivity of laying hens while maintaining the quality and marketability of table eggs for consumers.

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“…Many crops can be contaminated with TAs, such as buckwheat, maize, millet, soybean, sunflower, and wheat [31,32]. Along with the ingestion of the contaminated food, humans can be exposed to the TAs when ingesting edible plants which are mixed up with the TAs containing plant parts [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atropine and Scopolamine in Maize Products from the Retail Stores in the Republic of Serbia

Vuković

Stojanović

Konstantinović

et al. 2022

Toxins

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The cereal grains, which represent the cultivated grasses fruits, supply almost half of the total caloric requirements for humans and provide more nourishment compared with any other class of the food. Out of many cereals used for food, maize, rice, and wheat are the most important food resources for humans, representing 94% of the total cereals consumption. According to the data of the Republic Institute of Statistics for the year 2018, the harvested areas of corn amount to 906,753 hectares. The production of about 7 million tons was achieved with an average yield of 7.7 t/ha according to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Serbia. Serbia is still among the ten largest exporters of wheat and corn in the world for the period of 2014/15–2017/18. More precisely, it ranks seventh in the export of corn. Utilization of maize products for food animal nutrition (1000 t) is 491,48, and for industrial processing (1000 t) 278,862 expressed as the total consumption (1000 t) is 769,910. Therefore, a total of 103 samples of maize products were analyzed for the presence of toxins, i.e., tropane alkaloids (TAs). The samples were collected from the retail stores in the Republic of Serbia in 2021 and analyzed for the presence of atropine and scopolamine (33 corn grits, 39 polenta, and 31 semolina samples). Therefore, the Recommendation 2015/976/EU on the monitoring of TAs in food was adopted by the EU Commission to obtain more occurrence data on TAs in food. The monitoring extent, however, is restricted because reliable analytical methods and appropriate sensitivity are limited. There was a limit of 1 g/kg for each atropine and scopolamine in cereals containing millet, sorghum, buckwheat, or their derivatives. All the samples were analyzed by the LC-MS/MS. The LOQ was set at 1.0 μg/kg. Out of the total 103 tested samples, 32 samples (31.1%) were contaminated with atropine and scopolamine in concentrations above the LOQ. The highest concentrations of the studied TAs were observed in a semolina sample-atropine: 58.80 μg/kg, scopolamine: 10.20 μg/kg. The obtained results indicate that the TAs concentrations are above the LOQ which can be considered potential human and animal health hazards.

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Optical Characterization of Alternaria spp. Contaminated Wheat Grain and Its Influence in Early Broilers Nutrition on Oxidative Stress

Cited by 8 publications

References 72 publications

Probing the Interactions of 31 Mycotoxins with Xanthine Oxidase: Alternariol, Alternariol-3-Sulfate, and α-Zearalenol Are Allosteric Inhibitors of the Enzyme

Probing the Interactions of 31 Mycotoxins with Xanthine Oxidase: Alternariol, Alternariol-3-Sulfate, and α-Zearalenol Are Allosteric Inhibitors of the Enzyme

Problems and Mitigation Strategies of Trichothecenes Mycotoxins in Laying Hens Production

Atropine and Scopolamine in Maize Products from the Retail Stores in the Republic of Serbia

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