Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostic Tool for Retinal Pathologies in Avian Ophthalmology

Rauscher, Franziska G.; Azmanis, Panagiotis; Körber, Nicole; Koch, Christian; Hübel, Jens; Vetterlein, Wencke; Werner, Beatrice; Thielebein, Jens; Dawczynski, J.; Wiedemann, Peter; Reichenbach, Andreas; Francke, Mike; Krautwald‐Junghanns, Maria‐Elisabeth

doi:10.1167/iovs.13-11922

Cited by 30 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…There are several studies evaluating the retina in birds using OCT in both normal and diseased retinas . Nevertheless, the information regarding the foveae in birds of prey is limited, despite its relevance in these visually oriented species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography imaging of normal foveae: A pilot study in 17 diurnal birds of prey

Gomes

Abou‐Madi

Ledbetter

et al. 2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To describe and to establish normative data for the foveae of diurnal birds of prey using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). Methods All animals (9 red‐tailed hawks, 3 Cooper's hawks, 3 American kestrels, 1 sharp‐shinned hawk, and 1 broad‐winged hawk) had an ophthalmic examination performed with slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Following ophthalmic examination, SD‐OCT was performed in each eye that had a visible fundus and normal fovea on SD‐OCT. Temporal foveae depth, central foveae depth, pecten‐temporal foveae distance, and pecten‐central foveae distance (PCFD) were measured using SD‐OCT. Differences in measured outcomes between species were determined using generalized linear mixed effects models. Results The central foveae (mean ± SD) displayed a small but significant depth variation between species (P = .002) and was deepest in red‐tailed hawks (293 ± 16 µm), followed by American kestrels (260 ± 12 µm), broad‐winged hawks (256 ± 16 µm), Cooper's hawks (250 ± 9 µm), and sharp‐shinned hawks (239 ± 16 µm). The temporal foveae were shallower than the central foveae in all species tested, and there was a significant variation between species (P < .001). The temporal foveae (mean ± SD) were deepest in American kestrels (137 ± 8 µm), followed by red‐tailed hawks (129 ± 3 µm), broad‐winged hawks (59.5 ± 3.5 µm), Cooper's hawks (20.3 ± 6.4 µm), and sharp‐shinned hawks (17.5 ± 0.7 µm). Pecten‐temporal foveae distance was approximately 30% shorter than PCFD in all species. There were no differences in the parameters tested between the eyes within each species (P ≥ .47). Conclusion Normative foveae SD‐OCT data were obtained in four species of diurnal birds of prey. Further studies are warranted to provide structural and functional information regarding normal and pathologic changes that can affect the foveae.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography imaging of normal foveae: A pilot study in 17 diurnal birds of prey

Gomes

Abou‐Madi

Ledbetter

et al. 2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…Birds are considered animals with great capabilities and visual acuity, where these factors are important for breeding, feeding and flight (Hart 2002, Reuter et al 2011, Williams 2012, Rauscher et al 2013. However, while their ocular physiology is similar compared to mammals, there are peculiarities that can directly influence evaluation in these species (Williams 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

et al. 2017

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The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.

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“…Because of their vocalization skills similar to speech and interaction with humans, it is bred as a pet (Godoy 2007). Birds are considered animals with great visual acuity, which are important factors for breeding, feeding and flight (Hart 2002, Reuter et al 2011, Williams 2012, Rauscher et al 2013). The ophthalmic reference values used for the mSTT and rebound tonometry in these animals lack inter-and intraspecies information.…”

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confidence: 99%

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

et al. 2017

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RESUMO.-[Teste lacrimal deSchirmer modificado e tonometria de rebote em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva).] O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm), a pressão intraocular (PIO) pela tonometria de rebote e o comprimento da fissura palpebral (FP) do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva). Foram avaliados 35 papagaios adultos e saudáveis, provenientes de um Criadouro Conservacionista do Brasil. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, as aves foram fisicamente contidas para aferição, em ambos os olhos, do TLSm, da PIO pela tonometria de rebote e do comprimento da FP utilizando-se um paquímetro digital. Valor médio do TLSm foi 6.2±0.1mm/min e da PIO foi 6.4±0.1 mmHg, enquanto a aferição da FP foi 10.1±0.1mm. Uma correlação moderada foi observada entre TLSm e a FP para olho direito (OD) (ρ=0.14) e olho esquerdo (OE) (ρ=0.20). Os resultados podem servir como valores de referência para testes oftálmi-cos para A. aestiva. TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO:Teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado, tonometria de rebote, papagaio-verdadeiro, Amazona aestiva, aves, produção lacrimal, pressão intraocular, comprimento da fissura palpebral, animais silvestres. INTRODUCTIONThe blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) measures 35-37cm in length and weighs approximately 400 g, reaching sexual maturity of age at five years. Individuals of this species have a predominant green color, yellow head with blue forehead, and black feet and beak (Forshaw 2010). Because of their vocalization skills similar to speech and interaction with humans, it is bred as a pet (Godoy 2007). Birds are considered animals with great visual acuity, which are important factors for breeding, feeding and flight (Hart 2002, Reuter et al. 2011, Williams 2012, Rauscher et al. 2013). The ophthalmic reference values used for the mSTT and rebound tonometry in these animals lack inter-and intraspecies information.Due to the lack of specific data for A. aestiva, we aimed establish normal parameters for modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and palpebral fissure length (PFL). Also, to verify any correlation among mSTT and PFL. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.

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Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostic Tool for Retinal Pathologies in Avian Ophthalmology

Cited by 30 publications

References 18 publications

Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography imaging of normal foveae: A pilot study in 17 diurnal birds of prey

Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography imaging of normal foveae: A pilot study in 17 diurnal birds of prey

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

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