Optical-damage-resistant LiNbO_3:Zn crystal

Volk, T. R.; Pryalkin, Vladimir I; Rubinina, N. M.

doi:10.1364/ol.15.000996

Cited by 324 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In this concentration range the distribution coefficient of In falls down from 1 to 0.8 [32]; in the graphs shown above we present at % In in the crystals. Emphasize that all compositions under study, both undoped and In-doped ones (as well as Zn-doped LiNbO 3 reported by us formerly [3,[19][20][21]) were grown from the same starting charge. An identity in the amount of unintended impurity trace substantiates the reliability of comparisons.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, in Zr-doped SLN crystals the lattice parameters vs. Zr concentration were reported [23]. In more detail, these studies will be discussed below comparing them to the results obtained in In-doped LiNbO 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The most efficient method is doping with the group of impurities termed "optical-damage resistant" ("ODRI" below); the development of this approach can be found, e.g., in [1]. Presently, this group includes reliably seven ions, namely the divalent Mg [2] and Zn [3], trivalent In [4] and Sc [5] and tetravalent Hf [6], Zr [7] and Sn [8] (this numbering refers to the order of publications).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structure studies in ODRI-doped compositions are few in number. X-ray studies of Mg-doped LiNbO 3 were executed in [15][16][17][18]. X-ray and neutron investigations of LiNbO 3 -Zn were performed by us [19][20][21]; later on, the lattice parameters of LiNbO 3 -Zn were measured in [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lattice Parameters of Optical Damage Resistant In-Doped LiNbO3 Crystals

Sulyanov

Volk

2018

Crystals

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Abstract:The lattice parameters in optical damage resistant crystal LiNbO 3 -In were measured for the first time using the X-ray powder method with an internal standard, which provides a high accuracy of the results. The lattice parameters vs. In concentration were obtained in the concentration range from 0.24 to 3.2 at % In in the crystal. The results are discussed in the framework of currently accepted model of the LiNbO 3 intrinsic defect structure.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lattice Parameters of Optical Damage Resistant In-Doped LiNbO3 Crystals

Sulyanov

Volk

2018

Crystals

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“…Also, it has been reported that Zn codoping reduces the photorefractive damage even more efficiently than MgO. 17,18 Recently, a two-step diffusion procedure, which involved a first step of ion exchange in Zn vapor atmosphere followed by a second step of diffusion by annealing the sample in open air at higher temperature, has been reported to produce low-loss optical waveguide in LiNbO 3 , with high photorefractive damage resistance, 19 and which preserves the ferroelectric domain structure of the substrate. 20 This work reports the fabrication of channel waveguides by Zn diffusion in LiNbO 3 :Nd 3ϩ -doped crystals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous wave waveguide laser at room temperature in Nd3+-doped Zn:LiNbO3

Paolo

Cantelar

Pernas

et al. 2001

Applied Physics Letters

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This work reports continuous laser action at room temperature in LiNbO 3 :Nd 3ϩ channel waveguides, fabricated by Zn diffusion. The absorbed pump power at the threshold was 1.25 mW and a slope efficiency of 20% was obtained. With our available pump power the laser could emit up to 0.14 mW without exhibiting any photorefractive damage. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.1427426͔ Lithium niobate is an attractive and widely used active integrated-optical medium due to its excellent electro-optic, acousto-optic, and nonlinear properties. Rare-earth doped LiNbO 3 allows the fabrication of efficient waveguide lasers and amplifiers. 1 The integration of phase or amplitude modulators allows the construction in this material of many interesting systems, including mode-locked or Q-switched laser devices. 2 Neodymium doped LiNbO 3 can be operated in a four level scheme and it was the first rare-earth ion to lead to laser action in this host. 3,4 However, pump induced photorefractive damage limited the laser oscillation to pulsed operation with low efficiencies. A few years later, it was discovered that MgO codoping reduced the photorefractive damage, 5 and more efficient laser oscillation was reported in Nd:MgO:LiNbO 3 . 6,7 The following step in the use of this material has been the generation of devices in waveguide configuration. Several techniques have been used to produce low loss waveguides in LiNbO 3 such as proton exchange, titanium indiffusion or ion implantation, which have provided methods to produce efficient laser operation in Nd-doped LiNbO 3 waveguides. The first waveguide laser was demonstrated by using proton exchange in a Nd:MgO:LiNbO 3 substrate, 8 which was followed by ion implanted and titanium in-diffused efficient channel waveguide laser. 9,10 Nevertheless due to the high density of photons in the waveguide all these devices suffered from photorefractive damage, limiting the performance to pulsed operation or requiring the continuous annealing at high temperature. 11,12 It should be also mentioned that MgO codoping reduces the solubility of Nd ions in LiNbO 3 , then limiting the number of active ions in the host, and it also reduces the optical quality of the crystals. To date cw lasing operation at room temperature was only reported by Amin et al. 13,14 in the Nd-diffused Ti:LiNbO 3 waveguide, using Z-propagating waveguides and a -polarized pump beam in order to minimize the photorefractive damage. Unfortunately with this configuration not only is the pump efficiency reduced ͑the optimum pump in these materials is polarized͒ but also it is not possible to use the highest electro-optic LiNbO 3 coefficient r 33 to integrate active functions within the same optical chip.An alternative possibility in order to use transverse propagation ͑to the z axis͒ keeping a low photorefractive damage could be based in the fabrication of channel waveguides by Zn diffusion. This fabrication technique 15,16 produces waveguides that support both TE and TM modes, regardless of the crystal cut. Also, i...

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