Optical diagnosis of mammary ductal carcinoma using advanced optical technology

Multiphoton microscopy for monitoring the occurrence, metastasis and therapy of breast cancer

“…The acini are covered by a bilayer structure of cells (Figure 2(F)), which consist of an inner layer of glandular epithelial cells and an outer layer of myoepithelial cells at the basilar surface. The basement membrane outside the acinar is mainly composed of collagen fibers, which are wavy, loosely arranged, greatly curved, and almost parallel 65 . More importantly, this two‐layer cell structure is vital for breast pathology diagnosis, and is also one of the indicators to distinguish benign and malignant lesions 66 .…”

“…More importantly, this two‐layer cell structure is vital for breast pathology diagnosis, and is also one of the indicators to distinguish benign and malignant lesions 66 . The stroma out of the lobules is mainly composed of bundles of connective tissue—collagen bundles 65,67 . Due to their non‐centrally symmetric structure and endogenous fluorescent substances, 68–70 they have both SHG signals and TPEF signals.…”

“…Most breast cancers originate from epithelium, and mammary ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer in women, mainly including two types: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The experimental results of Wu et al showed that MPM could display the microstructure of ductal carcinoma at the cellular level 65 …”

“…The basement membrane outside the acinar is mainly composed of collagen fibers, which are wavy, loosely arranged, greatly curved, and almost parallel. 65 More importantly, this two-layer cell structure is vital for breast pathology diagnosis, and is also one of the indicators to distinguish benign and malignant lesions. 66 The stroma out of the lobules is mainly composed of bundles of connective tissuecollagen bundles.…”

“…66 The stroma out of the lobules is mainly composed of bundles of connective tissuecollagen bundles. 65,67 Due to their non-centrally symmetric structure and endogenous fluorescent substances, [68][69][70] they have both SHG signals and TPEF signals. The mammary ducts are composed of many epithelial cells 70 and are surrounded by collagen fibers that can be seen more clearly in the magnification multiphoton image (Figure 2(E)).…”