“…In general, plasma effect is triggered by incorporating metal nanostructures into CTL such as hole transport layer of poly(3,4-e thylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) [30,33,[102][103][104][105], WO X [5,9,106] and MoO X [32], electron transport layer of TiO X [36][37][38] and ZnO [35,52,107]. The performance of OSCs has been improved by various methods, such as plasmonic resonance, light scattering, promotion of exciton separation and transfer, electron accumulation, and improving interfacial morphology.…”