Optical encryption by double-random phase encoding in the fractional Fourier domain

Gopinathan, Unnikrishnan; Joseph, Joby; Singh, Kehar

doi:10.1364/ol.25.000887

Cited by 1,086 publications

(421 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The properties of this system and systems like it have been investigated extensively [71][72][73][74][75]. Various other linear optical systems have also been proposed in similar encryption architectures [76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. For example, the random phase keys can be located in a fractional Fourier domain [76][77][78][79][80][81] or a Fresnel domain [61,82,83].…”

Section: Optical Image Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various other linear optical systems have also been proposed in similar encryption architectures [76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. For example, the random phase keys can be located in a fractional Fourier domain [76][77][78][79][80][81] or a Fresnel domain [61,82,83]. The most general form of the linear canonical transform, implemented with any arbitrary quadratic phase system, has also been used in an encryption system that uses random phase as a key [84].…”

Section: Optical Image Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Phase in Optical Image Processing

Naughton¹,

Rastogi²,

Hack³

2010

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. The use of phase has a long standing history in optical image processing, with early milestones being in the field of pattern recognition, such as VanderLugt's practical construction technique for matched filters, and (implicitly) Goodman's joint Fourier transform correlator. In recent years, the flexibility afforded by phase-only spatial light modulators and digital holography, for example, has enabled many processing techniques based on the explicit encoding and decoding of phase. One application area concerns efficient numerical computations. Pushing phase measurement to its physical limits, designs employing the physical properties of phase have ranged from the sensible to the wonderful, in some cases making computationally easy problems easier to solve and in other cases addressing mathematics' most challenging computationally hard problems. Another application area is optical image encryption, in which, typically, a phase mask modulates the fractional Fourier transformed coefficients of a perturbed input image, and the phase of the inverse transform is then sensed as the encrypted image. The inherent linearity that makes the system so elegant mitigates against its use as an effective encryption technique, but we show how a combination of optical and digital techniques can restore confidence in that security. We conclude with the concept of digital hologram image processing, and applications of same that are uniquely suited to optical implementation, where the processing, recognition, or encryption step operates on full field information, such as that emanating from a coherently illuminated real-world three-dimensional object.

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Section: Optical Image Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optical Image Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase in Optical Image Processing

Naughton¹,

Rastogi²,

Hack³

2010

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…The experimental realization of the DRPE has been initially carried out in a 4 f -processor [7][8], and it has been extended to the Fresnel [9][10] and Fractional Fourier [11] domains. In addition to these 4 f -systembased optical encryption methods, the joint transform correlator (JTC) [8] has been proposed to alleviate the accurate optical alignment requirements and avoid the need of complex conjugating the key code of the 4 fsystem [12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the optical security systems usually deal with a single primary image (for instance, an object, a plaintext, a signature, a biometric signal) as authenticator [2][3][4][5][6][7][10][11][12][13][14][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Some approaches permit to store multiple primary images, either in an optical memory [9] or in a single encrypted distribution [24][25][26][27], with the purpose of sequential and independent one-by-one decryption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon-counting multifactor optical encryption and authentication

Pérez‐Cabré

Mohammed

Millán

et al. 2015

J. Opt.

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Abstract. The multifactor optical encryption authentication method [Opt. Lett., 31, 721-3 (2006)] reinforces optical security by allowing the simultaneous authentication of up to four factors. In this work, the photon-counting imaging technique is applied to the multifactor encrypted function so that a sparse phase-only distribution is generated for the encrypted data. The integration of both techniques permits an increased capacity for signal hiding with simultaneous data reduction for better fulfilling the general requirements of protection, storage and transmission. Cryptanalysis of the proposed method is carried out in terms of chosen-plaintext and chosen-ciphertext attacks. Although the multifactor authentication process is not substantially altered by those attacks, its integration with the photon-counting imaging technique prevents from possible partial disclosure of any encrypted factor, thus increasing the security level of the overall process. Numerical experiments and results are provided and discussed.

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“…In every field where Fourier transform is used, the processing effect can be greatly improved by using FRFT. Many researches on data encryption with FRFT have been reported [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Unnikrishnan et al [5,6] encoded a primary image to stationary white noise by using two statistically independent random phase masks in fractional Fourier domains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel way of image encrption with piplining pixel scrambling and fractional fourier transform

Kumari¹,

Patwal²

2014

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Comm

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A novel way of image encryption based on fractional Fourier transforms (FRFT) and pixel scrambling technique is described and demonstrated in this paper. The idea of pixel scrambling is presented and an implementation to realize the pixel scrambling and decoding is also proposed. Numerical simulation results are given to verify the algorithm, and relative error (RE) between the decoded images and the original image versus the deviation of fractional orders is discussed. Comparing with single FRT encryption, the security using this method for optical image encryption is greatly improved due to the introduction of the pixel scrambling technique.

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Optical encryption by double-random phase encoding in the fractional Fourier domain

Cited by 1,086 publications

References 6 publications

Phase in Optical Image Processing

Phase in Optical Image Processing

Photon-counting multifactor optical encryption and authentication

A Novel way of image encrption with piplining pixel scrambling and fractional fourier transform

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