Optical Fibre Sensors Using Graphene-Based Materials: A Review

Hernáez, Miguel; Zamarreño, Carlos R.; Melendi-Espina, Sonia; Bird, Liam R.; Mayes, Andrew G.; Arregui, Francisco J.

doi:10.3390/s17010155

Cited by 108 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 145 publications

(179 reference statements)

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“…The strong emission is attributed to the electronic transition between the pristine sp 2 carbon domain and the functional moieties located at the boundaries of the GO sheets [59]. The fluorescence emission of GO can be enhanced or quenched, depending on the presence and concentration of the target molecules [60]. GO is often applied as an active material that is functionalized on an optical fiber.…”

Section: Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Allotrope-Based Optical Fibers for Environmental and Biological Sensing: A Review

Yap

Chan

Tjin

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Recently, carbon allotropes have received tremendous research interest and paved a new avenue for optical fiber sensing technology. Carbon allotropes exhibit unique sensing properties such as large surface to volume ratios, biocompatibility, and they can serve as molecule enrichers. Meanwhile, optical fibers possess a high degree of surface modification versatility that enables the incorporation of carbon allotropes as the functional coating for a wide range of detection tasks. Moreover, the combination of carbon allotropes and optical fibers also yields high sensitivity and specificity to monitor target molecules in the vicinity of the nanocoating surface. In this review, the development of carbon allotropes-based optical fiber sensors is studied. The first section provides an overview of four different types of carbon allotropes, including carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, graphene, and nanodiamonds. The second section discusses the synthesis approaches used to prepare these carbon allotropes, followed by some deposition techniques to functionalize the surface of the optical fiber, and the associated sensing mechanisms. Numerous applications that have benefitted from carbon allotrope-based optical fiber sensors such as temperature, strain, volatile organic compounds and biosensing applications are reviewed and summarized. Finally, a concluding section highlighting the technological deficiencies, challenges, and suggestions to overcome them is presented.2 of 43 of target molecules or physical parameters. In some instances, surface-modified carbon allotropes also permit multi-parameter detection capabilities of carbon allotrope-based OFS [7]. As such, an insight into the recent advances of carbon allotrope-based OFS can serve as a guideline to develop an effective detection approach for emerging real-world applications. Many review articles on carbon allotrope-based OFS mainly focus on a single type of carbon allotrope and the fundamental theory of carbon allotrope-based OFS [8,9]. Thus, this comprehensive review article encompasses the properties, preparation, sensing mechanisms, nanocoating deposition techniques, physical and biochemical sensing applications. This review aims to highlight the recent research work on carbon allotrope-based OFS that will serve as a reference guide for researchers to develop optimal detection approaches for physical parameters or trace level monitoring of chemical and biomolecules. Four groups of carbon allotropes, including carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon dots (CDs), graphene, and nanodiamonds (NDs), will be studied. Commonly adopted synthesis approaches, classification of various deposition techniques for the integration of carbon allotropes as the thin film coating of OFS as well as numerous examples of these carbon allotrope-based OFS will also be outlined.

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Section: Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Allotrope-Based Optical Fibers for Environmental and Biological Sensing: A Review

Yap

Chan

Tjin

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…Graphene is a monolayer of hexagonally arrayed sp2-bonded carbon atoms, extremely sensitive to the external environment. Thus, graphene-based nanostructures have vast potential for developing sensor devices [19] and, consequently, are excellent candidates for the fabrication of the supporting coating required by LMR-sensors. However, the development and applicability of graphene-based sensors is strongly hampered due to the lack of effective methods for scalable graphene production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors have explored the potential of GO in different types of optical fiber sensors [19], [25]. However, very few works have investigated the ability of GO as sensitive coating in LMR sensors [26], [27], [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lossy Mode Resonance Generation by Graphene Oxide Coatings Onto Cladding-Removed Multimode Optical Fiber

2019

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In this work, we have studied the suitability of graphene oxide -based thin films to be not only excellent sensitive coatings but also lossy mode resonance (LMR)-generating materials. Thin films of graphene oxide (GO) and polyethylenimine (PEI) fabricated by means of layer-by-layer assembly were selected in this study. Two optical fiber devices with 8 and 20 bilayers of the LMR-generating coating were fabricated and characterized as refractometers. Both devices show no hysteresis and high sensitivity, improving previously reported values. This research opens very promising and exciting possibilities in the field of optical fiber sensors based on LMR, strategically including specific recognition groups to the device surface to exploit this high sensitivity for monitoring a range of target analytes. The carboxylate functional groups at the edges of the GO sheets should provide excellent attachment sites for the required coupling chemistry to realize such devices.

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“…Optical fibers play a crucial role in telecommunication. Applications can be found in many areas such as optical fiber lasers [13], optical fiber interferometers [14,15], optical fiber amplifier [16], and optical fiber sensors [17]. Especially the latter one has widespread applications in detecting magnetic fields [18], humidity [19], temperature [20], or biological molecules [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%