Optical Measurements of Muzzle Blast

Schmidt, Edward M.; Shear, D. D.

doi:10.2514/3.60506

Cited by 85 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The conditions outside the gun at the instant of firing are assumed as the standard sea level conditions. The pressure ratio immediately after the precursor shock at the instant of its exit is 11.61 (slightly less than the one mentioned in [20); the difference is due to the fact that the flow velocity behind the shock when it reaches the mouth of the barrel is lower than the bullet velocity when the base of the bullet separates from the muzzle). To compare calculations and experiments, we note first that our reference time (equal to the reference length, 2.7813 rrx, multiplied by the square root of Yv and divided by the speed of sound of the gas at rest (360 m/sec)J, is 9.1 4sec.…”

Section: I Third Examplementioning

confidence: 86%

“…3 of (20], which correspond to the same instants of time. A striking agreement is shown by the locations of blast shock and recompression shock on the centerline (Fig.…”

Section: I Third Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, a calculation was made to simulate experiments by Schmidt and Shear on the M-16 rifle [20]. Assuming the inner radius of the gun as the unit length, the outer radius is 2.2603 and the distance to be traversed by the no3e of the bullet before it reaches the muzzle is 150.82.…”

Section: I Third Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We must provide a computational grid with a family of lines running from the centerline to the wall and another family of lines running from the mouth to the shock. To this effect, we begin by introducing a complex variable z = x + i y (20) and assume that, in general, the physical plane will be conformally mapped onto an auxiliary plane, described in terms of a complex variable €,…”

Section: Conformal Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental techniques have evolved to a high degree of sophistication [1,19,20,21] so that a complete description of one firing can be obtained by a combination of measurements, photographs and data processing. Innovative design, however, requires a similar detailed analysis of a large number of cases, using different models; the task is too timeconsuming and expensive to be accomplished experimentally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

A numerical analysis of muzzle blast precursor flow

Moretti

1982

Computers & Fluids

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Section: I Third Examplementioning

confidence: 86%

“…3 of (20], which correspond to the same instants of time. A striking agreement is shown by the locations of blast shock and recompression shock on the centerline (Fig.…”

Section: I Third Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: I Third Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conformal Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A numerical analysis of muzzle blast precursor flow

Moretti

1982

Computers & Fluids

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Investigation of thermal performance in dual‐fuel units

Xue

2022

Energy Science & Engineering

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Numerical studies were carried out to investigate the thermal performance of the muzzle flow with strong shock discontinuities and gas-gas heat transfer mechanism in the base bleed unit (BBU) of an aerodynamic vehicle under the combined effects of muzzle flow and depressurization process. The process was modeled using the Navier-Stokes equations with chemical kinetics and interior ballistic equations. The results show that the muzzle phenomena with large temperature gradients and different wave structures appear after the supersonic vehicle enters into the free-flight stage. The BBU also experiences a strong depressurization process with the release of high-temperature propellant gas at 2200 K. However, the igniter combustion gas at a higher temperature of 3050 K in the BBU develops downstream and upstream repeatedly under the combined effects of the base wave and depressurization process, which makes the energy conversion process in the unit more complicated. With the projectile leaving the control of the muzzle flow, the BBU is full of the igniter combustion gas and the energy in the unit is uniformly distributed gradually. The high-temperature area, at approximately 2750 K, propagates downstream along the axial and radial directions simultaneously until it finally dominates the entire unit. The maximum temperature of the combustion gas acting on the propellant surface is always 2740 K and the maximum heat flux remains approximately 1250 W/cm 2 at later periods.

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A numerical study on the generation of impulsive noise by complex flows discharging from a muzzle

Jiang

Kim

Lee

2008

Numerical Meth Engineering

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SUMMARYA numerical study on impulsive noise generation produced by complex flows discharging from a muzzle is achieved and the basic structures generating impulsive noise are analyzed. Complex flow features by a muzzle flow and noise generation mechanisms by several sources of noise are discussed from numerical simulations. Two-dimensional axisymmetric Euler equations are used for governing equations. High-order dispersion relation preserving finite difference method and an optimized four-level marching method are used for spatial discretization and time integration, respectively. In order to show the capability of this method to capture blast waves and to examine the basic generation mechanism of acoustic waves from a muzzle, the interaction between a shock/blast wave and a vortex ring is implemented. From the numerical simulation of the 7.62-mm NATO rifle G3 with a DM-41 round in the near field, complex blast waves, jet flow, various vortices and their interaction phenomena are described and noise generation mechanism due to the interaction of complex flow structures is observed. The present results demonstrate that numerical simulation using computational aeroacoustic methods provides not only a reliable way to determine the blast wave dynamics of the muzzle flow but also allows an opportunity to study the physics and detailed mechanisms of the noise generation and propagation due to the interaction of complex flow structures generated from a muzzle system.

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Optical Measurements of Muzzle Blast

Cited by 85 publications

References 6 publications

A numerical analysis of muzzle blast precursor flow

A numerical analysis of muzzle blast precursor flow

Investigation of thermal performance in dual‐fuel units

A numerical study on the generation of impulsive noise by complex flows discharging from a muzzle

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