Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Hayes, Brian S.; Gammon, Luther M.

doi:10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.9781627083492

Cited by 32 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Voids are commonly developed in composite parts due to entrapped air [22]. With robotic 3D printing, the air becomes entrapped as the second layer is consolidated on the first.…”

Section: Voidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimizing voids in continuous carbon fiber-reinforced composites made by robotic 3D printing

Rana¹

2023

Preprint

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<p>This study focuses on optimizing the process parameters for continuous carbon fiber-reinforced composites made by robotic 3D printing to minimize defects such as delamination, gaps, fiber entanglement, non-linear tape consolidation, and voids. The specimens were manufactured by the ABB IRB 1200-05/0.9 6-axis robot with a custom-built 3D print head. Two printing directions were explored, x and y-axis printing. The max change in printing height for x and y-axis printing directions were 25.4 μm (0.001 inches) and 63.5 μm (0.0025 inches), respectively. X-axis printing was the optimal print direction due to its low variation in end effector height and more uniform tape deposition. The coefficient of variation for x and y-axis printing was 0.39 and 1.88, respectively. Gaps formed due to tension build-up resulting from the motion of the print head relative to the laminated tape. This tension caused the tape to warp and become narrower than its nominal width. When printing a single tape at 10.1 mm/s, the width of the printed tape was less than its nominal width. Due to this observation, a minimum tape raster offset (TRO) of 5.50 mm was selected. The micrograph of a 5.50 mm TRO specimen revealed overlaps at each adjacent tape interface. These overlaps resulted in large void formation between overlapping layers. Coupons printed with larger TRO values showed increasingly larger gaps between adjacent tapes.</p>

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“…Voids are commonly developed in composite parts due to entrapped air [22]. With robotic 3D printing, the air becomes entrapped as the second layer is consolidated on the first.…”

Section: Voidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimizing voids in continuous carbon fiber-reinforced composites made by robotic 3D printing

Rana¹

2023

Preprint

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“…The hearts were carefully cleaned with sterile saline and weighed. The coronary artery was removed, cut, and fixed (10% neutral buffered formalin solution), processed for optical microscopy [24], and then embedded in Paraplast Plus (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). For the LEXRF analysis, sections of 5 μm were cut, which were deposited on 4 µm thick ultralene film (www.spexsampleprep.com).…”

Section: Sample Preparation 241 Lexrfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental changes in heart and coronaries after breast cancer radiotherapy assessed by synchrotron radiation soft X-ray spectromicroscopy

Pickler

Mendes

Tanure

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Radiotherapy (RT) plays a pivotal role in the treatment of breast cancer (BC) and various thoracic malignancies. Radiation induced heart disease (RIHD) is one such long term toxicity which can offset the improvement in cancer specific mortality. Long term normal tissue toxicity is becoming a bigger concern, as early diagnosis and the improvement in the treatment of these cancers has led to patients surviving longer. Our research group on Physics applied to biomedical sciences has been investigating the side effects of BC treatment (RT and chemotherapy) for more than ten years. The cardiac regeneration has been studied to better understand the damage that occurs following radiation procedures in the heart tissue after many thoracic cancer treatments. One possible complication is coronary artery disease induced by irradiation after radiotherapy in thoracic area. Studies on the structures of cardiac tissue and the distribution of low atomic weight element can help to understand mechanisms associated with damage to healthy tissue, as these are of fundamental importance to metabolism in biological systems. The present study aimed to elucidate how radiotherapy in the thoracic area causes damage in the coronary artery, and to verify the potential use of losartan in reducing, or even preventing, the side effects of irradiation in this artery. To assess elemental and morphological differences in aortic and coronary samples, the Low Energy X-Ray Fluorescence (LEXRF) technique using Synchrotron Radiation was employed. SR- LEXRF and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy measurements were carried out at the beamline TwinMic at Elettra Sincrotrone Triste, Italy.

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“…To emphasize the fact that such areas are actually defects, we will use the alternative term fiberdeficient areas in this paper. Currently, fiber-deficient area detection using microscope images is largely performed manually by experienced researchers [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Voronoi diagram approach for detecting defects in 3D printed fiber-reinforced polymers from microscope images

McMains

2022

Comp. Visual Media

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Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are increasingly popular due to their superior strength to weight ratio. In contrast to significant recent advances in automating the FRP manufacturing process via 3D printing, quality inspection and defect detection remain largely manual and inefficient. In this paper, we propose a new approach to automatically detect, from microscope images, one of the major defects in 3D printed FRP parts: fiber-deficient areas (or equivalently, resin-rich areas). From cross-sectional microscope images, we detect the locations and sizes of fibers, construct their Voronoi diagram, and employ α-shape theory to determine fiber-deficient areas. Our Voronoi diagram and α-shape construction algorithms are specialized to exploit typical characteristics of 3D printed FRP parts, giving significant efficiency gains. Our algorithms robustly handle real-world inputs containing hundreds of thousands of fiber cross-sections, whether in general or non-general position.

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Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Minimizing voids in continuous carbon fiber-reinforced composites made by robotic 3D printing

Minimizing voids in continuous carbon fiber-reinforced composites made by robotic 3D printing

Elemental changes in heart and coronaries after breast cancer radiotherapy assessed by synchrotron radiation soft X-ray spectromicroscopy

A Voronoi diagram approach for detecting defects in 3D printed fiber-reinforced polymers from microscope images

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