“…Many studies have been conducted on the parameter degradation of VCSELs under radiation. The radiation sources used include gamma rays, neutrons, protons, electrons, and heavy ions [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Although the earlier studies qualitatively explored experimental rules, later studies examined the physical mechanism of GaAs/AlGaAs material degradation [ 16 ].…”