Optical properties of titanium-diffused LiNbO_3 strip waveguides and their coupling-to-a-fiber characteristics

Fukuma, Masaharu; Noda, Juichi

doi:10.1364/ao.19.000591

Cited by 184 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The fabricated switch chip was pigtailed with 4-core fiber blocks to connect with optical input/output ports by using a UV-curable epoxy to minimize light-reflection from the end surfaces of LiNbO 3 chip or fiber block. PMFs (Polarization maintenance fibers) were used for input ports to make only TM mode incident to the LiNbO 3 chip and to utilize an electro-optic effect of a z-cut LiNbO 3 wafer. Finally, the pigtailed switch chip was packaged inside a metal housing, and switch electrodes was connected with a 5-pin MT connector by an Au-wire bonding technique for switch operation.…”

Section: Optical Matrix Switch Fabrication and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commercially available LiNbO 3 wafer is Li-deficient in composition (the typical mole ratio of Li : Nb = 48.5 : 51.5). The stoichiometric LiNbO 3 with an Li : Nb ratio ≈ 1 : 1 was reported to have an electro-optic coefficient 20% higher than that of non-stoichiometric LiNbO 3 and to have been commercialized recently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 1 illustrates the procedure of Ti-diffused optical waveguide fabrication. The Ti layer, deposited on a zcut LiNbO 3 wafer by an E-beam system, was patterned by UV-lithography and etching and was in-diffused at 1050…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication and Properties of a 4× 4 LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> Optical Matrix Switch

Yoon

Yang

Kim³

et al. 2002

Mater. Trans.

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To realize channel cross-connecting in optical communications systems, a high speed optical matrix switch was fabricated using z-cut LiNbO 3 . Four 2 × 2 directional couplers were integrated on one substrate for construction of a 4 × 4 switch. Single-mode optical waveguides were formed by Ti-diffusion at a wet O 2 atmosphere. Ti-diffusion profile, refractive index variation and waveguide morphology were analyzed by SIMS, Prism coupler and SEM, respectively. The optical properties of the fabricated switch was measured in terms of insertion loss, cross-talk, spectral flatness and switching speed.

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Section: Optical Matrix Switch Fabrication and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication and Properties of a 4× 4 LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> Optical Matrix Switch

Yoon

Yang

Kim³

et al. 2002

Mater. Trans.

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“…These changes are based on ions diffusion processes out of the crystal into the environment and vice versa, that affect the chemical composition of LN and its defect subsystem state. The diffusion processes in LiNbO 3 are studied in a significant amount of works, for example [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the known data about anisotropy of the diffusion processes is also controversial. For example in [3] the lithium diffusion is considered as isotropic, however in [13] it is assumed that the lithium diffusion coefficient in Y-direction is greater than in Z-direction. Thus, despite the fact that understanding of the diffusion mechanisms during thermochemical treatments in nominally undoped LN is vital for determining the nature of changes in the crystals, the results of existing works are contradictory.…”

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confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of LiNbO₃single crystals optical properties changes after redox high-temperature treatment

Sugak

Syvorotka²,

Buryy

et al. 2017

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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The changes in optical properties of bulk LiNbO 3 crystals were investigated depending on the diffusion depth. For this purpose the samples were isochronously annealed in hydrogen, subsequently the reduced samples were isochronously annealed in air. The investigations were held in different crystallographic directions. The experimentally determined distribution of depth-dependent additional absorption in reduced crystals was approximated basing on the oxygen vacancies diffusion model and solution of differential equations set describing the quasichemical reaction of bipolarons formation due to the oxygen loss in LiNbO 3 crystal. IntroductionHigh temperature annealing of lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 , LN) in vacuum, reducing and oxidizing environments, in the presence of metal ions, in proton-rich liquids etc is one of the techniques, which is extensively used to create LN-based elements for acoustoelectronics, optoelectronics and integrated optics [1][2][3]. However such thermochemical treatments alter the optical and electrical properties of LN. These changes are based on ions diffusion processes out of the crystal into the environment and vice versa, that affect the chemical composition of LN and its defect subsystem state. The diffusion processes in LiNbO 3 are studied in a significant amount of works, for example [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].Since in most cases diffusion surface layers with several microns thickness are sufficient for practical applications, the changes in chemical composition of LN layers in depth (and, consequently, changes in their properties) caused by the diffusion processes, are mainly studied by mass spectroscopy of secondary ions (SIMS) (see. e.g. [5]). This technique allows determining the changes only in micron-range and the measurements are performed in the direction of diffusion. Only in [6,7] the changes in the optical properties of bulk congruent LN samples with about 3 mm thickness, treated by VTE technique, were investigated by means of second harmonic generation conditions analysis and spectrometry in the direction, perpendicular to the direction of diffusion.Therefore the targeted investigations of coloration changes in LN crystals, caused by redox annealing, depending on the distance from crystals surface (for a few millimeters deep into the crystal) were not performed. Thereby it is not known how the coloration processes occur at different temperatures in crystals volume during redox treatment.Furthermore, the diffusion mechanisms during thermochemical treatments are also not completely clear. In [8] it is considered that the main diffusion mechanism in congruent LiNbO 3 , which contains no impurity ions, is the diffusion of lithium and lithium vacancies. In [9] it is assumed that both lithium and niobium diffusion processes take place simultaneously. Authors in [10,11] consider the oxygen diffusion as the main mechanism and in [4,12] -the diffusion of oxygen and lithium. Moreover, the known data about anisotropy of the diffusion processes is also controversial. For exa...

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References

2016

Optical and Microwave Technologies for Telecommunication Networks

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Optical properties of titanium-diffused LiNbO_3 strip waveguides and their coupling-to-a-fiber characteristics

Cited by 184 publications

References 8 publications

Fabrication and Properties of a 4× 4 LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> Optical Matrix Switch

Fabrication and Properties of a 4× 4 LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> Optical Matrix Switch

Spatial distribution of LiNbO₃single crystals optical properties changes after redox high-temperature treatment

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Optical properties of titanium-diffused LiNbO_3 strip waveguides and their coupling-to-a-fiber characteristics

Cited by 184 publications

References 8 publications

Fabrication and Properties of a 4&times; 4 LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> Optical Matrix Switch

Fabrication and Properties of a 4&times; 4 LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> Optical Matrix Switch

Spatial distribution of LiNbO3single crystals optical properties changes after redox high-temperature treatment

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Product

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Fabrication and Properties of a 4× 4 LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> Optical Matrix Switch

Fabrication and Properties of a 4× 4 LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> Optical Matrix Switch

Spatial distribution of LiNbO₃single crystals optical properties changes after redox high-temperature treatment