Optical-Relayed Entanglement Distribution Using Drones as Mobile Nodes

Liu, Huaying; Tian, Xiaogeng; Gu, Changsheng; Fan, Pengfei; Ni, Xin; Yang, Rudong; Zhang, Ji-Ning; Hu, Mingzhe; Guo, Jian; Cao, Xun; Hu, Xiaopeng; Zhao, Gang; Lu, Yanqing; Gong, Yan‐Xiao; Xie, Zhenda; Zhu, Shining

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.020503

Cited by 79 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…6a. 7 It is noted that the frequency components with high magnitudes can be interpreted from the yellow stripes that intermittently appear over time in Fig. 7d.…”

Section: B Drone Hovering At 15-m Altitudementioning

confidence: 86%

“…7c power also confirms the high PSD magnitudes below 50 Hz, indicating the dominant effect of the drone hovering-induced AoA fluctuations. Higher frequency components with considerable magnitudes mostly appear from 100 Hz to 500 Hz, and sometimes reach to 2 kHz indicating stronger turbulence conditions 7 . It is seen from the spectrogram in Fig.…”

Section: B Drone Hovering At 15-m Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the FSO links can be utilized to simultaneously transmit the energy to charge the batteries for drone-based BSs, thereby increasing their service time [4]. These aerial FSO links are also paving the way for the employment of free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols to offer the information-theoretic security between terrestrial and aerial platforms in the future quantum wireless networks [5]- [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Channel Statistics of Drone-to-Ground Retro-Reflected FSO Links With Fine-Tracking Systems

Trinh¹,

Carrasco‐Casado

Okura

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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The utilization of drones as flying base stations (BSs) in the sixth-generation (6G) cellular networks has attracted much attention recently. In this context, free-space optical (FSO) systems could be deployed to provide high-capacity fronthaul/backhaul links between drones and ground BSs. Particularly, a drone-to-ground FSO communication link can be established by equipping the drone with a modulating retro-reflector (MRR) to modulate the incoming optical beam and reflect the modulated beam back along the same path. This helps to alleviate stringent pointing requirements from the drone while satisfying the limited size, weight, and power (SWaP) consumption requirements. Nevertheless, the underlying physical channel effects of this aerial retro-reflected FSO system have never been experimentally explored in the literature. In this paper, we report, for the first time, the experimental channel statistics of a drone-to-ground retroreflected FSO link, offering practical insights into the angle-of-arrival (AoA) fluctuations at the receiver, the channel coherence time, the probability of fade, the level crossing rate, the average fade duration, and the time-frequency channel characteristics. Our results are expected to serve as practical sources of reference for the theoretical performance analyses and engineering designs of drone-based retro-reflected FSO systems.INDEX TERMS Free-space optics (FSO), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), aerial fronthaul/backhaul links, drone hovering, fine-tracking systems.

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“…6a. 7 It is noted that the frequency components with high magnitudes can be interpreted from the yellow stripes that intermittently appear over time in Fig. 7d.…”

Section: B Drone Hovering At 15-m Altitudementioning

confidence: 86%

Section: B Drone Hovering At 15-m Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Experimental Channel Statistics of Drone-to-Ground Retro-Reflected FSO Links With Fine-Tracking Systems

Trinh¹,

Carrasco‐Casado

Okura

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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“…IoD enhances the performance of services by increasing the potential of data gathering, connectivity, and processing, improving the efficiency of missions in remote areas that offer risks for humans [156]. Drone-based quantum network communication prototypes have been suggested in recent experiments [157] [158]. For example, Liu et al [158] used drones to construct a pioneer optical relay to bend the wavefront of photons for their minimal diffraction losses in free-space communication.…”

Section: B Qmlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drone-based quantum network communication prototypes have been suggested in recent experiments [157] [158]. For example, Liu et al [158] used drones to construct a pioneer optical relay to bend the wavefront of photons for their minimal diffraction losses in free-space communication. The first drone was used to distribute the entangled photons, while the second drone was utilized to function as a relay node.…”

Section: B Qmlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Promising Technologies for Quantum Drones and Networks

Kumar¹,

Bhatia

Kaushik

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Due to recent advancements in quantum drones, the Internet of Quantum Drones (IoQDs), and Drone-to-Satellite connectivity, several advantages have been anticipated for real-time applications. This work examines quantum computing issues, including quantum data processing, techniques, circuits, and algorithms important for quantum drones or their networks. Here, we discussed the current research trends on quantum computing, quantum-safe computing, or post-quantum cryptography important to quantum networks, followed by the numerous advantages, limitations, future advancements, and research issues connected with quantum technologies, drones, and their network. This work has also prepared a taxonomy of quantum-related areas depending upon the logic of their learning, followed by a review of each of these areas. We review the most recent work over quantum algorithms used in various-quantum-related areas and networks, the role of quantum satellites for drone-based networks and communications, how quantum artificial intelligence and quantum machine learning are important for quantum drones, networks and futuristic applications, quantum attacks, quantum genetic algorithms, and the importance of post-quantum and quantum-safe cryptography. The challenges and research directions in these domains are explored as well. Lastly, this work presents an overview of the current state of knowledge in various promising technologies that are recently found to be important for quantum drones and networks.

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Continuous Variable Quantum Teleportation Network

Shi

Wang

Liang

et al. 2022

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Quantum network scales the advantages of quantum communication protocols to more than two detached users, which offers great potential to realize the quantum internet. Here, a fully connected continuous‐variable (CV) quantum teleportation network architecture is presented, in which a squeezed state of light distributes each pair of entangled sideband modes to each communication link that bridges any pair of users. The quantum teleportation scheme is similar to standard two‐party ones for each communication link, without sacrificing communication capability and reliability. The demonstration based on CV‐entangled sideband modes opens an innovative possibility to implement many tasks of deterministic quantum information processing.

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Optical-Relayed Entanglement Distribution Using Drones as Mobile Nodes

Cited by 79 publications

References 30 publications

Experimental Channel Statistics of Drone-to-Ground Retro-Reflected FSO Links With Fine-Tracking Systems

Experimental Channel Statistics of Drone-to-Ground Retro-Reflected FSO Links With Fine-Tracking Systems

Survey of Promising Technologies for Quantum Drones and Networks

Continuous Variable Quantum Teleportation Network

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