Optical ridge waveguides in Nd³⁺‐doped fluorophosphate glasses fabricated by carbon ion implantation and femtosecond laser ablation

Abstract

In this work, the ridge waveguide was formed by the femtosecond laser ablation with a central wavelength of 0.808 μm and a speed of 50 μm/s on the planar Nd3+‐doped fluorophosphate glass waveguide that was fabricated by the C3+ ion implantation with an energy of 6.0 MeV and a fluence of 1.0×1012 C3+s/mm2. The mechanism of the ion‐implanted waveguide was discussed by the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter 2013. The cross‐section morphology of the ridge waveguide was captured by an optical microscope. Its mode characteristics were analyzed by the end‐face coupling method. The ridge Nd3+‐doped fluorophosphate glass waveguides have potential as fundamental structures for many optoelectronic devices including waveguide amplifiers and lasers.