Diamond is one of the remarkable forms of carbon. For example, it can be found in nature with an impurity content of less than 1 ppm, or it can be synthesized either as a single-crystal or as a polycrystalline deposit on various surfaces. Furthermore, boron doping makes it a p-type semiconductor, and even superconducting. Diamond is also one of the few materials where optical absorption (OA) yields relevant information on defects, including the omnipresent nitrogen impurity. This is so because in diamond many defects have sharp zero-phonon lines. Irradiation produces vacancies and interstitials both of which have been identified by OA and electron paramagnetic resonance, and also by positron annihilation (vacancy only). Irradiation-produced defects are remarkable stable, with the monovacancy becoming mobile at 700 o C, and the divacancy surviving to at least 1000 1 Diamond physics Diamonds have always been of interest, but in the last 20 years the scientific/technical interest increased significantly when it was learned that chemical vapour deposition of diamond was possible. The hardness of diamond has a technological advantage, and when it was learned how to make single crystalline diamond, scientific advances became possible. This is so because natural single crystalline diamond contains various impurities, and can have significant internal stress due to varying growth conditions in the earth. Isotope doping also became possible which causes resonance lines to shift.There are several reviews conveying various aspects related to diamond [1-6] of which [1] contains a general introduction, albeit some of the physical assignments with absorption lines has since then changed. The most comprehensive and recent data base can be found in the contribution by Zaitsev in [4]. In [6] unresolved issues are discussed. Some of the more prominent absorption lines have been given "names", which are widely used, but there is no logic to the names.Diamonds are classified according to the omnipresent nitrogen impurity found in natural diamond. The nitrogen content can vary from less than 1ppm to an extreme of 1%, and in table 1 the various types are listed with comments to their occurrences. The most common gem-quality is type Ia A/B, where A means a cluster of two nitrogen atoms and B is a cluster of four nitrogen atoms plus a vacancy. Most often A and B clusters coexist in natural diamond, hence A/B. The optical absorption from these clusters is in the far infrared, and the diamond is clear in the visible range. Type Ib contains substitutional nitro-