Optical technologies for 5G X-haul

Liu, Xiang

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821627-9.00007-3

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Therefore, it is very necessary to adjust marketing channels according to specific situations. Liu (2022) believes that it is difficult to avoid channel conflicts in enterprises. If the enterprise cannot coordinate the interests of various channels well, conflicts will arise.…”

Section: Research On Marketing Channel Construction Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Sales Channels for New Tire Brands Using Strategic Management Theory: A Case Study of Brand A

Yan

2024

EUrASEANs

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As competition within the tire industry intensifies, Brand A faces an urgent imperative to enhance its market share through the strategic construction of effective sales channels. Grounded in strategic management theory, this study aims to conduct a thorough analysis of the current situation and challenges facing the sales channels of new A-brand tires, and explore feasible optimization strategies. This study uses Brand A tires as an example. By analyzing the current status of marketing channels for Brand A tires, this study proposes an optimization strategy. Prioritizing channel optimization principles should be the first priority. In order to improve channel synergy as well as strengthen incentives for retailers, the study proposes measures such as providing training to enhance store sales capabilities, offering incentives to implement promotional activities, and providing incentives to sell high-profit products. Finally, for the management of cross-channel goods, the study recommends establishing a systematic product sales record and implementing an inspection and supervision system. In summary, this study addresses the challenges present in the sales channels of A-brand tires, focusing on optimizing the layout of physical marketing channels, enhancing channel synergy, strengthening retailer incentives, and improving channel cross-stocking management. We anticipate that the implementation of these strategies will enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of Brand A tires' sales channels.

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Section: Research On Marketing Channel Construction Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Sales Channels for New Tire Brands Using Strategic Management Theory: A Case Study of Brand A

Yan

2024

EUrASEANs

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“…3(a) shows the schematic of an 800G-LR4 IM/DD transceiver with four 224Gb/s PAM-4 channels. The wavelength plan can be based on the longest four wavelengths of LAN-WDM [1], L4~L7, as shown in Fig. 3(b), or 400GHzred-shifted [8].…”

Section: Inter-channel Fwm Penalty For Pam-4 Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 15 illustrates a 5G fronthaul transmission system that uses a single fiber to connect each cell site via bidirectional 12channel L-WDM [1]. Bidirectional transmission makes it easy to realize accurate synchronization, which is required for 5G fronthaul [1].…”

Section: Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inter-Channel FWM Mitigation Techniques for 800G-LR4, 1.6T-LR8, 400G-ER4 and 5G Fronthaul Applications Based on O-Band WDM

Liu,

Fan

2024

J. Lightwave Technol.

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We review recent advances in the mitigation of interchannel four-wave-mixing (FWM) based on "XYYX" input polarization alignment, statistical fiber zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW) distribution, real-world fiber cable installation with randomized fiber ZDW for every fiber segment of typically 2~3km during fiber cabling to enable high-performance O-band WDM transmission for 800G-LR4 with four 800GHz-spaced 200Gb/s PAM-4 channels reaching up to 10km, 1.6T-LR8 with eight 800GHz-spaced 200Gb/s PAM-4 channels reaching up to 10km, and 400G-ER4-30km with four 400GHz-spaced 100Gb/s PAM-4 channels reaching up to 30 km. In addition, a novel unequal channel spacing scheme for co-propagating wavelength channels is shown to effectively mitigate the FWM impairment in a bidirectional 5G fronthaul transmission system with twelve 800GHz-spaced 25Gb/s NRZ channels reaching up to 20 km. These inter-channel FWM mitigation techniques are expected to aid the standardization of intensity-modulation and directdetection (IM/DD) based high-speed O-band WDM systems in both IEEE and ITU-T, aiming to cost-effectively and energyefficiently support future data center, 5G, and metro-access networks.

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“…Furthermore, the offline data processing method involves a series of sequential steps, which can be time-consuming when attempting to achieve a BER smaller than 10 −4 due to a large amount of data that needs to be captured and processed. In optical communication systems, a BER limit of 3.8 × 10 −3 is commonly used to evaluate the performance since it is possible to enhance this limit to 10 −15 by implementing a forward error correction (FEC) code with a 7% overhead [23]. However, some applications, including the body-area networks [24] that prioritize low latency, high reliability, and low design complexity, may choose not to use FEC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation and Evaluation of SiPM-Based Photon Counting Receiver for IoT Applications

Li,

Chitnis

2024

IEEE Internet Things J.

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Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are photoncounting detectors with great potential to improve the sensitivity of optical receivers. Recent studies of SiPMs in communication focus on the speed rather than the power consumption of the receiver. The gain bandwidth product (GBP) of the amplifiers in these post-SiPM readout circuits is significantly higher than the target data rate. Additionally, the SiPM experiments for optical communication are performed using an offline method which uses instruments including oscilloscopes and personal computers to process chunks of the transmitted data. In this work, we have developed an embedded real-time field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based system to evaluate a commercially available 1 mm 2 SiPM. The implemented real-time system achieves data rates from 10 kbps to 1 Mbps with a bit error rate (BER) below 10 −3 approaching the Poisson limit. Results showed that reducing either the dark count rate or increasing the data rate leads to lower dark counts per bit time, hence less power penalty to maintain a probability of error (PE) of 10 −3 . The numerically simulated results indicated that to maintain the Poisson limit, the minimum GBP of the amplifier in the post-SiPM readout circuit is 120 MHz based on the proposed setup within the tested data rates. This GBP limitation is determined by the noise floor of the read-out circuit. The analysis of the minimum GBP and electrical power consumption of the receiver in photon counting and BER enables the potential future adoption of this receiver technology when high optical sensitivity is required, such as visible light communications (VLC) for low data rate Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

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Optical technologies for 5G X-haul

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Building Sales Channels for New Tire Brands Using Strategic Management Theory: A Case Study of Brand A

Building Sales Channels for New Tire Brands Using Strategic Management Theory: A Case Study of Brand A

Inter-Channel FWM Mitigation Techniques for 800G-LR4, 1.6T-LR8, 400G-ER4 and 5G Fronthaul Applications Based on O-Band WDM

Implementation and Evaluation of SiPM-Based Photon Counting Receiver for IoT Applications

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