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Recently published results from the PAMELA experiment have shown conclusive evidence for an excess of positrons at high (∼ 10 − 100 GeV) energies, confirming earlier indications from HEAT and AMS-01. Such a signal is generally expected from dark matter annihilations. However, the hard positron spectrum and large amplitude are difficult to achieve in most conventional WIMP models. The absence of any associated excess in anti-protons is highly constraining on models with hadronic annihilation modes. We revisit an earlier proposal, wherein the dark matter annihilates into a new light ( < ∼ GeV) boson φ, which is kinematically constrained to go to hard leptonic states, without anti-protons or π 0 's. We find this provides a very good fit to the data. The light boson naturally provides a mechanism by which large cross sections can be achieved through the Sommerfeld enhancement, as was recently proposed. Depending on the mass of the WIMP, the rise may continue above 300 GeV, the extent of PAMELA's ability to discriminate between electrons and positrons.
Recently published results from the PAMELA experiment have shown conclusive evidence for an excess of positrons at high (∼ 10 − 100 GeV) energies, confirming earlier indications from HEAT and AMS-01. Such a signal is generally expected from dark matter annihilations. However, the hard positron spectrum and large amplitude are difficult to achieve in most conventional WIMP models. The absence of any associated excess in anti-protons is highly constraining on models with hadronic annihilation modes. We revisit an earlier proposal, wherein the dark matter annihilates into a new light ( < ∼ GeV) boson φ, which is kinematically constrained to go to hard leptonic states, without anti-protons or π 0 's. We find this provides a very good fit to the data. The light boson naturally provides a mechanism by which large cross sections can be achieved through the Sommerfeld enhancement, as was recently proposed. Depending on the mass of the WIMP, the rise may continue above 300 GeV, the extent of PAMELA's ability to discriminate between electrons and positrons.
In boundary lubrication, the critical aspect of lubrication is the interaction between the surfaces making up the tribocouple and the lubricant additives, yielding what is commonly known as the tribofilm. This has been widely studied in ferrous systems and the complex nature of the tribofilms, in terms of their self-healing, smart and semi-solid properties, is generally well understood. There is much emphasis by lubricant formulators and original equipment manufacturers on enhancing fuel economy of tribological systems whilst retaining good durability. To achieve this, surface engineering is often used and carbon-based coatings such as diamond-like carbon (DLC) are increasingly applied. Understanding the tribochemistry of such coatings against ferrous surfaces is not trivial, and this paper illustrates the contrast in features of tribology/tribochemistry behaviour between ferrous and a-C (non-hydrogenated) DLC coating. Whilst there is a clear link between low friction tribofilm composition (in terms of MoS 2 /MoO 3 ratio) and friction performance for ferrous systems it is more complex for the a-C coating system; therefore an understanding of the interface microscale/nanoscale chemical and physical structure gives an insight into the interactions between friction and wear processes.
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