Optimal allocation of resources to growth and reproduction: Implications for age and size at maturity

Kozłowski, Jan

doi:10.1016/0169-5347(92)90192-e

Cited by 505 publications

(453 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This assumption is evident in the allometry of most trees, in which all size dimensions tend to increase over time. Use of “surplus energy” also aligns our study with many theoretical models, which invest in reproduction only after paying maintenance costs (e.g., early review by Kozlowski 1992) and plant growth models (e.g., papers by Thornley 1972; de Wit 1978; Mäkelä 1997). RA schedules then enact the outcome of a single fundamental trade‐off: the allocation of surplus energy between growth and reproduction.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…2013). The division of energy between growth and reproduction is also the foundation of optimal energy models (Myers and Doyle 1983; Kozlowski 1992; Perrin and Sibly 1993; Reekie and Avila‐Sakar 2005; Miller et al. 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theorists long ago adopted RA schedules as an elegant way to connect energy allocation with life history (e.g., Cole 1954; Myers and Doyle 1983; Kozłowski and Uchmanski 1987; Kozlowski 1992; Engen and Saether 1994; Miller et al. 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2008). By incorporating the growth‐reproduction trade‐off, optimal energy allocation models identify the RA schedule that maximizes seed production across the plant's lifecycle under a given set of environmental conditions and for a given set of physiological traits (Kozlowski 1992). For instance, researchers have developed models that indicate how RA schedules vary with shifts in a variety of biotic and abiotic factors including tissue turnover (Pugliese and Kozlowski 1990), seed set (Miller et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying and understanding reproductive allocation schedules in plants

Wenk

Falster

2015

Ecology and Evolution

101

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A plant's reproductive allocation (RA) schedule describes the fraction of surplus energy allocated to reproduction as it increases in size. While theorists use RA schedules as the connection between life history and energy allocation, little is known about RA schedules in real vegetation. Here we review what is known about RA schedules for perennial plants using studies either directly quantifying RA or that collected data from which the shape of an RA schedule can be inferred. We also briefly review theoretical models describing factors by which variation in RA may arise. We identified 34 studies from which aspects of an RA schedule could be inferred. Within those, RA schedules varied considerably across species: some species abruptly shift all resources from growth to reproduction; most others gradually shift resources into reproduction, but under a variety of graded schedules. Available data indicate the maximum fraction of energy allocated to production ranges from 0.1 to 1 and that shorter lived species tend to have higher initial RA and increase their RA more quickly than do longer‐lived species. Overall, our findings indicate, little data exist about RA schedules in perennial plants. Available data suggest a wide range of schedules across species. Collection of more data on RA schedules would enable a tighter integration between observation and a variety of models predicting optimal energy allocation, plant growth rates, and biogeochemical cycles.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quantifying and understanding reproductive allocation schedules in plants

Wenk

Falster

2015

Ecology and Evolution

101

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“…Short life expectancy is predicted to select for rapid maturation (Kirkwood and Rose 1991; Kozłowski 1992). Females from populations with high predation pressure mature earlier and at smaller size (Reznick et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female fecundity traits in wild populations of African annual fish: the role of the aridity gradient

Vrtílek

Reichard

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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The evolution of life history is shaped by life expectancy. Life‐history traits coevolve, and optimal states for particular traits are constrained by trade‐offs with other life‐history traits. Life histories contrast among species, but may also diverge intraspecifically, at the level of populations. We studied the evolution of female reproductive allocation strategy, using natural populations of two sympatric species of African annual fishes, Nothobranchius furzeri and Nothobranchius orthonotus. These species inhabit pools in the Mozambican savanna that are formed in the rainy season and persist for only 2–10 months. Using 207 female N. furzeri from 11 populations and 243 female N. orthonotus from 14 populations, we tested the effects of genetic background (intraspecific lineage) and life expectancy (position on the aridity gradient determining maximum duration of their temporary habitat) on female fecundity traits. First, we found that variation in female body mass was small within populations, but varied considerably among populations. Second, we found that fecundity was largely defined by female body mass and that females spawned most of their eggs in the morning. Third, we found that the trade‐off between egg size and egg number varied among lineages of N. furzeri and this outcome has been confirmed by data from two separate years. Overall, we demonstrate that local conditions were important determinants for Nothobranchius growth and fecundity and that eggs size in arid region was less limited by female fecundity than in humid region.

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A theory of fertility and parental investment in traditional and modern human societies

Kaplan

1996

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

406

375

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This paper has two interrelated goals. The first is to offer a general theory of fertility and parental investment across a broad spectrum of human societies. The second is t o provide a perspective that unifies traditionally separate domains of anthropology. The basic foundation for the analysis is life history theory and evolutionary biological models of optimal fertility regulation. This tradition is combined with human capital theory in economics to produce a more general theory of investments in embodied capital within and between generations. This synthesis results in a series of optimality models to examine the decision processes underlying fertility and parental investment upon which natural selection is expected to act. Those models are then applied to the hunting and gathering lifeway. This analysis focuses both on problems that all hunting and gathering peoples face and on the production of variable responses in relation to variable ecologies. Next, this consideration of optimal parental investment and fertility behavior in hunter-gatherers is united with existing models of the proximate determinants of human fertility. The analysis of proximate mechanisms is based on the idea that natural selection acts on the final phenotypic outcome of a coordinated system of physiological, psychological and cultural processes. The important conditions affecting parental investment and fertility in modern socioeconomic contexts are then discussed. An explanation of modern fertility and parental investment behavior in terms of the interaction of those conditions with the physiological and psychological mechanisms that evolved during our hunting and gathering history is proposed. The proposal is that skills-based competitive labor markets increase the value of parental investment in children and motivate better-educated, higher income parents to invest more per child than their less-educated, lower-earning counterparts. It is also suggested that the deviation from fitness maximization associated with low modern fertility is due to excess expenditures on both parental and offspring consumption, indicating that our evolved psychology is responding to cues in the modern environment that are not directly related to the fitness impacts of consumption. 0 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.The principal strength of anthropology is its scope. The field encompasses both the evolution of the hominid line and the variation among and within cultures through time. A principal weakness of the discipline is the lack of an overarching theory that unifies the field. There is one especially critical point of disjunction. It is the relationship between biological processes of evolution and behavior. Instead of treating that relationship as a fundamental theoretical problem to be solved, the field has been content, 0 1996 WILEY-LISS, INC.

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Optimal allocation of resources to growth and reproduction: Implications for age and size at maturity

Cited by 505 publications

References 32 publications

Quantifying and understanding reproductive allocation schedules in plants

Quantifying and understanding reproductive allocation schedules in plants

Female fecundity traits in wild populations of African annual fish: the role of the aridity gradient

A theory of fertility and parental investment in traditional and modern human societies

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