Optimal combination of electrodes and conductive gels for brain electrical impedance tomography

Yang, Lin; Li, Heng; Ding, Junjie; Dong, Lichun; Dong, Xiuzhen; Wen, Zhi‐Hong; Shi, Xuetao

doi:10.1186/s12938-018-0617-y

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…All electrodes were installed on the head of subjects according to figure 2. The Ag/AgCl wet electrode was used as the reference electrode and the ground electrode, which was coated with Ten20® conductive gel to enhance its conductivity performance [32,33]. Before installing the hydrogel electrode, it is necessary to wipe the electrode with water to remove the dust on it.…”

Section: Electrode Installationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel flexible hydrogel electrode with a strong moisturizing ability for long-term EEG recording

et al. 2021

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Objective: A novel flexible hydrogel electrode with a strong moisturizing ability was prepared for long-term electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. Approach: The hydrogel was synthesized by polymerizing the N-acryloyl glycinamide (NAGA) monomer. And a proper amount of glycerin was added to the hydrogel to increase the moisture retention ability of the electrodes. The hydrogel shows high mechanical properties, and the liquid in the hydrogel produces a hydrating effect on the skin stratum corneum, which could decrease the contact impedance between skin and electrode. In addition, the installation of hydrogel electrode is very convenient, and the skin of the subject does not need to be abraded. Main results: SEM images show that there are a large number of micropores in the hydrogel, which provide storage space for water molecules. The average potential drift of the hydrogel electrode is relatively low (1.974 ± 0.560 µV min-1). The average contact impedance of hydrogel electrode in forehead region and hair region are 6.43 ± 0.84 kΩ·cm2 and 13.15 ± 3.72 kΩ·cm2, respectively. The result of open/closed paradigm, steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP), and P300 visual evoked potential show that hydrogel electrode has excellent performance. Compared with the hydrogel without glycerol, the moisture retention ability of hydrogel with glycerol was greatly improved. Significance. Compared with standard Ag/AgCl wet electrode, hydrogel electrode is more convenient to install and has strong moisture retention ability, which makes it have great potential in daily life for long-term EEG recording.

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Section: Electrode Installationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel flexible hydrogel electrode with a strong moisturizing ability for long-term EEG recording

et al. 2021

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“…Although noninvasive methods for accurate measurement of contact impedance are not available, common methods for indirect estimation of contact impedance include the two-electrode method [32], [33] and reconstruction method [34]- [36]. The two-electrode method yields the sum of the contact impedances of two electrode-skin interfaces, and thus cannot provide the contact impedance of any individual interface.…”

Section: B Reference Electrode Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Monitoring of Contact Impedance From Multiple Electrode–Scalp Interfaces During Cerebral Electrical Impedance Tomography

Liu

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a promising medical technique for monitoring brain injury through the reflection of electrical impedance changes in internal brain tissues. However, the contact impedances at the electrode-scalp interfaces can still notably affect the EIT accuracy. Hence, we propose a method for real-time monitoring the multi-channel contact impedances of cerebral EIT using a reference electrode attached close to the head vertex. This method allows to approximate inter-channel differences and changes over time of multi-channel contact impedances. The experimental results on 36 volunteers show that the maximum relative inter-channel difference obtained from 16 disposable surface electrodes reaches 18.7%, and the maximum relative change over time reaches 19.2%. The proposed method can assist clinicians in real-time monitoring of contact conditions from the multiple electrode-scalp interfaces during the clinical application of the cerebral EIT.

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“…Skin-electrode impedance measurements revealed that the printed 5% PUD/PEDOT:PSS electrodes on the Ecoflex substrate had slightly lower impedance, exhibiting comparable performance to commercial electrodes (figure 7(a)). Nonetheless, it should be noted that skin-electrode impedance measurements can differ greatly depending on the person [46] and ambient conditions such as temperature and humidity. Using the 5% PUD/PEDOT:PSS epidermal electrodes, electromyogram (figure 7 PEDOT:PSS-based dry electrodes reported in literature and a commercialized dry electrode fabricated using photolithography.…”

Section: Electrophysiological Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printable, adhesive, and self-healing dry epidermal electrodes based on PEDOT:PSS and polyurethane diol

Kateb,

Fan,

Kim

et al. 2023

Flex. Print. Electron.

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Printable, self-healing, stretchable, and conductive materials have tremendous potential for the fabrication of advanced electronic devices. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiopene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has been the focus of extensive research due to its tunable electrical and mechanical properties. Owing to its solution-processability and self-healing ability, PEDOT:PSS is an excellent candidate for developing printable inks. In this study, we developed printable, stretchable, dry, lightly adhesive, and self-healing materials for biomedical applications. Polyurethane diol (PUD), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and sorbitol were investigated as additives for PEDOT:PSS. In this study, we identified an optimal printable mixture obtained by incorporating PUD into PEDOT:PSS, which improved both the mechanical and electrical properties. Based on our optimization, for the 5% PUD/PEDOT:PSS free-standing films, a conductivity of approximately 30 S/cm, stretchability of 40%, and Young’s modulus of 15 MPa were observed with a light adhesion of 0.03 N/cm. A low resistance change (< 20%) was achieved when the strain was increased to 30%. Excellent electrical stability under cyclic mechanical strain, biocompatibility, and 100% electrical self-healing were also observed. The potential biomedical applications of this mixture were demonstrated by using a printed epidermal electrode on a stretchable silicone substrate. The PUD/PEDOT:PSS electrodes displayed a skin-electrode impedance similar to commercially available electrodes, and successfully captured physiological signals. This study contributes to the development of improved customization and enhanced mechanical durability of soft electronic materials.

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Optimal combination of electrodes and conductive gels for brain electrical impedance tomography

Cited by 11 publications

References 51 publications

A novel flexible hydrogel electrode with a strong moisturizing ability for long-term EEG recording

A novel flexible hydrogel electrode with a strong moisturizing ability for long-term EEG recording

Real-Time Monitoring of Contact Impedance From Multiple Electrode–Scalp Interfaces During Cerebral Electrical Impedance Tomography

Printable, adhesive, and self-healing dry epidermal electrodes based on PEDOT:PSS and polyurethane diol

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