Past earthquakes have highlighted the vulnerability of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, which constitute a large portion of the European building stock, most of which were not designed according to modern seismic codes. Moreover, their energy performance can also be highly unsatisfactory, leading to significant levels of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The assembling of a retrofitting approach with low environmental impact, capable of integrating increased structural performance with energy efficiency, is thus evermore essential. In this respect, recent studies were carried out with a particular emphasis on incorporating both interventions by identifying the optimal intervention among several feasible alternatives. This study investigates the influence of different climate and hazard conditions on the optimal retrofitting strategy, using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework that includes a range of economic, social, and technical decision variables related to the building's seismic and energy performance. To this end, a case study application was carried out on a school building representative of such a building typology in Italy. Four seismic retrofitting solutions, each combined with three energy-based interventions, were assessed, considering two seismic hazard levels -medium and high -and three distinct climate conditions -cold, mild and warm. Finally, for each combination of seismic hazard and climate condition, an MCDM framework was employed to identify the optimal combination of seismic and energyefficiency retrofitting schemes and the overall ranking of the different alternatives, aiming to investigate the influence of seismic hazard level and climate conditions on the optimal choice of a retrofitting intervention.