Optimal control of a fuel cell/wind/PV/grid hybrid system with thermal heat pump load

Abstract

This paper presents an optimal energy management strategy for a grid tied photovoltaic-wind-fuel cell hybrid power supply system. The hybrid systems meets the load demand consisting of an electrical load and a heat pump water heater supplying thermal load. The objective is to minimize energy cost and maximize fuel cell output, taking into account the time-of-use electricity tariff. The optimal control problem is solved using a mixed integer linear program with the supply switch to the heat pump water heater and the power from the grid, power to/from inverter, power to electrolyzer and from fuel cell the control variables. The hot water temperature inside the water storage tank and the hydrogen in the storage tank are the state variables. The performance of the proposed control strategy is tested by simulating different operating scenarios: with and without renewable energy feed-in, and the results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, as it increases the supply reliability of the system. Keywords

Optimal stochastic short-term thermal and electrical operation of fuel cell/photovoltaic/battery/grid hybrid energy system in the presence of demand response program

“…A battery/fuel cell hybrid system generating energy without any interruption has been utilized to supply an electrical vehicle in [6]. In [7], optimal performance of a wind/PV/fuel cell/grid hybrid system supplying an electrical load and a heat pump water heater has been investigated. Optimal size of a battery/wind turbine/PV hybrid system has been found utilizing Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm in [8].…”

Experimental analysis of defrosting and heating performance of a solar‐assisted heat pump integrated phase change energy storage

“…Market data shows that there is a sharp increase in the implementation and development of new heat pump technologies with higher coefficient of performances (COPs). At present, there is great interest in using heat pumps to save energy and using fuel and energy sources effectively …”

“…At present, there is great interest in using heat pumps to save energy and using fuel and energy sources effectively. [4][5][6] Currently, there are three main types of heat pumps namely water source heat pumps, ground source heat pumps and air source heat pumps. A ground watersource heat pump system with air pre-conditioning (GWHP-FAP) was proposed from the perspective of cascade utilization of low-level energy stored in the groundwater.…”

Optimal Operation of a Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Residential Applications

“…Results have also been reported for hybrid renewable energy systems involving three primary energy technologies. Examples include PV-wind-hydro-battery systems [15]; PV, wind and storage integration on small islands [16]; wind-PV-battery systems [17]; wind-photovoltaic energy storage and transmission hybrid power systems [18]; grid-connected photovoltaic-wind-biomass power systems [19]; solar-diesel-battery systems [20]; solar-fuel cell-battery systems [21]; solar-wind-battery systems [22]; wind-solar-natural gas [23]; solar-wind-fuel cell systems [24]; solar-wind-diesel-battery systems [25]; and solar-wind-desalination systems [26]. For comparative purposes, it is noted that hybrid energy systems driven by fossil fuels have also been examined, such as fuel cell-gas turbine systems [27].…”