“…In the past two decades, significant progress has been achieved in quantum computing [1], quantum communication [2], and quantum metrology [3], etc., which rely on precise manipulation of quantum systems. To this end, many control methods have been proposed such as optimal control [4], feedback control [5,6], linear quadratic Gaussian control [7,8], which are designed based on the exact models of quantum systems. However, these models may not be well constructed due to unknown dynamics.…”