Optimal Control Strategy of Wind-Storage Combined System Participating in Frequency Regulation Based on Bollinger Bands

A Two-Layer Control Strategy for the Participation of Energy Storage Battery Systems in Grid Frequency Regulation

“…The signal assignment modes of BESS in response to AGC FM commands are area control demand (ARR) signal assignment-based and area control deviation (ACE) signal assignment-based, and the two signals can be converted by a PI controller. Based on the dynamic expressions of ACE and ARR signals in the literature [19], ∆P AGC,i (s) is introduced under the two signals as shown in Equations ( 1) and (2), respectively.…”

“…Substituting λ n α,m into Equation (15) gives the theoretical output P n~α ,m of the FM unit, and using the same boundary value constraint gives the actual output P n α,m as P n α,m =    P max , P n∼ α,m ≥ P max P min , P n∼ α,m ≤ P min P n≈ α,m , P min ≤ P n∼ α,m ≤ P max (19) where P max and P min are the maximum and minimum values of α FM output of the unit, respectively.…”

“…According to the literature [18], the steadystate frequency deviation in the middle and late FM periods can be recovered by the ARR signal, whereas the transient frequency deviation in the pre-fast FM period can be recovered by the ACE signal. The literature [19] proposed the sensitivity over zero point as the criterion for two signal modes switching in the complex frequency domain and analyzed at the theoretical level that the ACE signal assignment is favorable to the transient deviation while the ARR signal assignment is favorable to the steady-state deviation.…”

“…The literature mentioned above can prove the feasibility and necessity of BESS in participating in grid FM and also consider the coordination of unit response to total FM demand and the reasonableness of FM unit responsibility allocation, but there are some shortcomings, and thus, improvements are needed: (1) The FM unit cannot precisely fit the entire FM demand, and the combination of ACE and ARR signal characteristics is absent from the current research on FM signal distribution methods. (2) The existing literature [17][18][19][20][21] primarily distributes FM unit capacity based on the power dynamic adjustable capacity ratio; however, the method of the current literature lacks a thorough consideration of the grid FM demand and the FM capacity of the unit, making it impossible to fully utilize the advantages of the two FM signals and, as a result, also making it impossible for the FM unit's output to be flexibly allocated based on maintaining the load level. The scenario where multiple groups of energy storage are involved in secondary FM is not taken into account by most of the current literature.…”

Research on the Changing Trends in Electricity Prices in Gansu Province Considering High Future Penetration of Sustainable Energy

“…The authors of [9,10] analyzed the economic benefits of new energy and proposed a calculation method of equivalent on-grid electricity pricing of new energy. The authors of [11] proposed a dynamic incentive mechanism for electricity transmission and distribution prices in view of the current situation of energy transition, the authors of [12] took green certificate and carbon trading prices into consideration in peak regulation strategies, and the authors of [13][14][15] carried out research on the cost recovery mechanism and market price design of extraction and storage. Based on externality theory, the authors of [16] studied the cost dispersal mechanism of grid-side energy storage, while the authors of [17] analyzed the technical economy of various types of energy storage absorbing new energy.…”