“…The cyber-physical framework can be implemented to study the effects of cyber attacks and their mitigation techniques (Dai and Shi, 2020;Zhang et al, 2022a). Furthermore, Cyberphysical systems can also be implemented for long-term risk mitigation studies (Dai et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2022b), security vulnerability analysis (Gao and Shi, 2020), optimal cyber defence strategy planning (Hou et al, 2020). Even though cyberphysical co-simulation is expanding, a number of issues remain, particularly as a framework for modelling the distribution network is under development.…”