Optimal Deployments of UAVs With Directional Antennas for a Power-Efficient Coverage

Guo, Jun; Walk, Philipp; Jafarkhani, Hamid

doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.2992521

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…At this stage, we make the assumption that ||x|| ||y|| holds true ∀m = E(p) and we simplify the term in (38) as…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [37], authors take into account the time varying nature of the users' positions to find the optimal placement and coverage radius of the UAV-APs by using cooperative stochastic approximation for Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) networks. [38] explores the 3-D deployment of multiple UAVs having directional antennas to minimize the average transmit power of the users. The work in [39] develops user access-based trajectory design for UAV-APs using a value decomposition reinforcement learning algorithm, trained using meta training.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Access Point Placement for Hybrid UAV-Terrestrial Small-Cell Networks

Gopal

Rao

Villardi

2021

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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We address the problem of access point (AP) placement in small-cell networks with partial infrastructure flexibility, i.e., a novel class of problem in Beyond 5G, resultant from the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with AP functionalities (UAV-APs), to aid fixed wireless networks in coping with momentary peak-capacity requirements. We use the signal-to-generated-interferenceplus-noise ratio (SGINR) metric as an alternative to the traditional signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) to quantify the effects of inter-cell interference (ICI) on the per-user capacity. From average SGINR, we derive the ICI-aware distortion measure leading to the Inter-AP Lloyd algorithm to obtain throughput-optimal AP placement for a fully flexible infrastructure. We then impose a hybridity constraint to the AP placement problem which turns a fraction of the network into a fixed infrastructure composed of terrestrial APs (T-APs) while the remainder is constituted by UAV-APs with flexibility in position. This newly formulated AP placement problem is solved by the proposed Lloyd-type algorithm called Hybrid AP Placement Algorithm (HAPPA). Furthermore, we present an initialization method for the Lloyd and Lloyd-type algorithms for Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) that offers an AP allocation leading to a higher rate compared to the k-means++ initialization. Finally, computer simulations show that the Inter-AP Lloyd algorithm can improve the performance of the worst users by up to 42.75% in achievable rate, assuming a fully flexible network. By using HAPPA on hybrid networks, we achieve improvements of up to 71.92% in sum rate over the fixed network and close the performance gap with fully flexible networks down to 2.02%, when an equal number of UAV-APs and T-APs is used. Further, our proposed initialization scheme always results in a balanced AP allocation, which means a more even distribution of users per AP, whereas the k-means++ scheme results in unbalanced allocations at least 30% of the time, resulting in a worse minimum rate.

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“…At this stage, we make the assumption that ||x|| ||y|| holds true ∀m = E(p) and we simplify the term in (38) as…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access Point Placement for Hybrid UAV-Terrestrial Small-Cell Networks

Gopal

Rao

Villardi

2021

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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“…While UAVs with directional antennas have been studied in the literature to improve the performance, in most cases, the antenna gain is assumed to be a constant within the 3dB beamwidth and 0 otherwise. Such a model ignores the strong dependency between the gain and the LoS angle [8], which is taken into account in this work.…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One appealing alternative is the use of directional antennas to avoid the interference to begin with. While there has been some UAV work that utilize directional antennas in the system model, to the best of our knowledge, with the exception of our group's recent work [8], a constantgain directional antenna channel model has been adopted. However, more realistic directional antenna channel models suggest that the antenna gain within the dominant direction is not constant [9], which may result in complex non-convex optimization problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal 3D-UAV Trajectory and Resource Allocation of DL UAV-GE Links with Directional Antennas

Vilor

Jafarkhani

2020

GLOBECOM 2020 - 2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a promising technology to solve many new challenging problems. It provides high maneuverability and control, low manufacturing cost with respect to other flying technologies and many other features. In particular, there is an increasing interest in UAVs in the field of wireless communications, due to their capacity to carry on transceivers and establish communication among UAVs, or between UAVs and ground base stations/users. In this work, we investigate a UAV deployment in which each flying vehicle serves a set of users, carrying directional antennas. To do so, we maximize the minimum downlink rate among the users that a UAV serves. Due to the non-convexity of the problem, we will divide it into four sub-problems. Afterwards, an iterative algorithm is proposed to optimize the four sub-problems by using the block coordinate descent method, successive convex approximation and sequential quadratic programming. Simulation results show that the addition of directional antennas results in a better performance in terms of throughput compared with omni-directional benchmarks.

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“…For a one-tier WSN, the design of optimal deployment algorithms that consider connectivity and coverage is studied in [7]. While we consider a 2D deployment in this work, the case of 3D optimal deployment has been studied in [27], [28], and the applicability of the evolutionary algorithms to solve UAV deployment problems has been introduced in [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Efficient Node Deployment in Heterogeneous Two-Tier Wireless Sensor Networks With Limited Communication Range

Karimi-Bidhendi

Guo

Jafarkhani

2021

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

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We study a heterogeneous two-tier wireless sensor network in which N heterogeneous access points (APs) collect sensing data from densely distributed sensors and then forward the data to M heterogeneous fusion centers (FCs). This heterogeneous node deployment problem is modeled as an optimization problem with the total power consumption of the network as its cost function. The necessary conditions of the optimal AP and FC node deployment are explored in this paper. We provide a variation of Voronoi Diagram as the optimal cell partition for this network and show that each AP should be placed between its connected FC and the geometric center of its cell partition. In addition, we propose a heterogeneous two-tier Lloyd algorithm to optimize the node deployment. Furthermore, we study the sensor deployment when the communication range is limited for sensors and APs. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithms outperform the existing clustering methods like Minimum Energy Routing, Agglomerative Clustering, Divisive Clustering, Particle Swarm Optimization, Relay Node placement in Double-tiered Wireless Sensor Networks, and Improved Relay Node Placement, on average.

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Optimal Deployments of UAVs With Directional Antennas for a Power-Efficient Coverage

Cited by 38 publications

References 40 publications

Access Point Placement for Hybrid UAV-Terrestrial Small-Cell Networks

Access Point Placement for Hybrid UAV-Terrestrial Small-Cell Networks

Optimal 3D-UAV Trajectory and Resource Allocation of DL UAV-GE Links with Directional Antennas

Energy-Efficient Node Deployment in Heterogeneous Two-Tier Wireless Sensor Networks With Limited Communication Range

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