Optimal design of an adaptive under-frequency load shedding scheme in smart grids considering operational uncertainties

Rafinia, Ali; Rezaei, Navid; Moshtagh, Jamal

doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106137

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Similarly, in [98] the same methodology as in [97] is proposed to give flexi- bility to frequency thresholds, with the difference that they use a completely different voltage stability index (QVSI), however, none of the above proposals consider scenarios with renewable sources. On the other hand, more advanced techniques have been integrated into the adaptive UFLS scheme approach as in [99], which uses a linear programming method to calculate UFLS parameters such as frequency thresholds, amount of power for load shedding and shed delay times, considering uncertainties. Moreover, in [100] the UFLS uses a Markov model to model historical wind speeds, then to minimize the load shedding solves a problem of optimization with PSO and fuzzy optimization.…”

Section: ) Adaptive Uflsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Adaptive Load Shedding Remedial Action Schemes in Modern Electrical Power Systems

Toro-Mendoza,

Segundo-Ramírez,

Esparza-Gurrola

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Modern power grids are becoming more stressed, more complex, and beginning to have a significant integration of energy sources based on power electronics devices, which significantly changes the dynamics of power grids affecting the design and operation of Remedial Action Schemes such as UVLS and UFLS, where the conventional operation philosophy of these schemes is based in operating parameters such as thresholds, amount, and location of the load shedding fixed regardless of the event. Therefore, they are not adaptable to the various conditions of the modern power grids, causing their misoperation. In recent years, a wide variety of adaptive schemes around the world have been proposed as a solid solution with good performance, since its main characteristic is its ability to consider the magnitude of the event in its load shedding, turning them into more selective and with flexibility in their operating parameters. The aim of this article is to review the development of adaptive schemes in UVLS and UFLS over the years, identifying how to approach the design of such adaptable schemes, which operating parameters tend to give them greater flexibility and which have been less explored. Then broken down the methods used to give flexibility to the operating parameters of UVLS and UFLS, and also that other devices such as FACTS and ESS can enhance its operation, with the aim of provide a broad vision of how to give them flexibility to these parameters and which of them are identified as an opportunity to improve the performance of the adaptive schemes. Finally, the review includes some RAS with adaptive approach implemented in real systems which some of them includes load shedding, to show how these schemes have reconfigured their design and operation by giving flexibility to some operating parameters, it is possible to show the need of modern power grids to have adaptive RAS.

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Section: ) Adaptive Uflsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Adaptive Load Shedding Remedial Action Schemes in Modern Electrical Power Systems

Toro-Mendoza,

Segundo-Ramírez,

Esparza-Gurrola

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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“…The role of datacenter in the optimization process of UFLS relay is illustrated in [148]. While the authors in [149] discuss the frequency response of a smart grid while using an adaptive UFLS relay which adapts its parameters each hour of the day.…”

Section: Demand Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Methods to Mitigate the Effect of High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources on Power System Frequency Regulation: A Comprehensive Review

El-Bahay

Lotfy

El‐Hameed

2022

Arch Computat Methods Eng

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Depletion of fossil fuel, global warming, and their environmental pollution clarify the importance of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, high penetration of RESs decreases power systems inertia, hence, the system becomes more sensitive to disturbances. This results in problems with frequency control because it increases the rate of change of frequency and may lead to load shedding or tripping of generating units. This paper aims at introducing a comprehensive survey of the effects of the increase in RESs on power system inertia and frequency. Different models of wind-driven and photovoltaic systems used for frequency control studies have been introduced. The up-to-date effective frequency regulation methods which can be used with highly RESs penetrated power systems have been revised and compared. These methods include virtual inertia-based methods depending on energy storage devices, de-loading of renewable energy sources, various inertial response techniques and demand response at load section including under frequency load shedding and electric vehicles. Extensive comparisons among these methods have been carried to guide power system designers, operators, researchers and grid codes taskforces in proper incorporation of RESs for frequency regulation of power systems.

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“…In [8], a probabilistic method for automatic load shedding is proposed, which uses average values of yearly load instead of peak values. Further, UFLS techniques are proposed in [9,10] to cut optimal amount of load using an adaptive method based on mixed-integer linear programming. Nevertheless, these algorithms do not prioritise different load buses before scheduling load shedding amount.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well documented that prolific wind penetration instigates serious concerns regarding voltage stability [15,16]. However, in the aforementioned works [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], voltage stability issue is ignored. Therefore, the performances of these UFLS techniques under high wind penetration may not be satisfactory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Frequency and Voltage Stability-Based Load Shedding Technique for Low Inertia Power Systems

et al. 2021

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The aim of this research work is to develop a load shedding methodology to improve the frequency response of low inertia grids by attaining satisfactory voltage stability. In recent times, wind energy integration has considerably increased in many power grids. Consequently, conventional synchronous machines are being replaced from dispatch. Unlike traditional synchronous machines, variable speed wind turbine generators usually do not take part in frequency regulation without supplementary control mechanism. During substantial wind penetration, a power system may have a small number of online synchronous machines. As a result, synchronous inertia and governor responsive reserve significantly reduce. Under such situation, a system has to rely on load shedding as a last line of defense to rescue the system frequency following a large contingency. However, the conventional Under-Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) strategy may lead to larger frequency deviation and higher amount of load cut in certain cases. A new load shedding methodology is presented in this paper to overcome this challenge. Unlike conventional UFLS technique, higher proportion of load shedding is applied to relatively weaker buses in terms of voltage stability in the proposed mechanism. Based on reactive power margin, which is an index to specify voltage stability, a general expression to quantify load shedding is derived. Also, the adaptability of the proposed strategy to various load levels is ensured. Later on, performances of the developed strategy are explored in a low inertia wind dominated test network. Simulations are executed considering various penetration levels of wind power and for two severe contingencies -loss of 550 MW interconnection and loss of 650 MW interconnection. Investigations reveal that the proposed load shedding methodology ensures satisfactory frequency response in all simulation cases. Also, the developed technique yields less frequency deviation and load cut compared to the conventional UFLS mechanism. Therefore, the reported load shedding scheme is found to be more competent to concurrently maintain frequency and voltage stabilities in renewable dominated power systems.

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Optimal design of an adaptive under-frequency load shedding scheme in smart grids considering operational uncertainties

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Toward Adaptive Load Shedding Remedial Action Schemes in Modern Electrical Power Systems

Toward Adaptive Load Shedding Remedial Action Schemes in Modern Electrical Power Systems

Computational Methods to Mitigate the Effect of High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources on Power System Frequency Regulation: A Comprehensive Review

A Frequency and Voltage Stability-Based Load Shedding Technique for Low Inertia Power Systems

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