Optimal Design of Electric Micromobility Vehicles

Abstract

This paper presents a modeling and optimization framework to design battery electric micromobility vehicles, minimizing their total cost of ownership (TCO). Specifically, we first identify a model of the electric powertrain of an escooter and an e-moped consisting of a battery, a single electric motor and a transmission. Second, we frame an optimal joint design and control problem minimizing the TCO of the vehicles. Since this problem is nonlinear w.r.t. the motor size and the total mass of the vehicle, but convex if their value is given, we efficiently solve the problem for a range of motor sizes with an algorithm based on second-order conic programming iterating on the vehicle's mass. Finally, we showcase our framework on custom-created driving cycles for both vehicles in hilly and flat scenarios, providing an in-depth analysis of the results and a numerical validation with high-fidelity simulations. Our results show that the characteristics of the area where the vehicles are employed have a significant impact on their optimal design, whilst revealing that regenerative braking and gearchanging capabilities (as in the case of a continuously variable transmission) may not be worth implementing.

Optimized Design of a H2-Powered Moped for Urban Mobility

“…Micro-mobility is an exponentially growing new trend [11], especially in urban environments [12]. In particular, battery light electric vehicles (B-LEVs) such as e-bikes, e-scooters, and e-mopeds [13] offer different advantages over traditional ICE-based fourand two-wheeled vehicles [14]. For example, B-LEVs require less energy for production and operation [15], positively affect urban congestion by using less driving space and parking, and generate significantly less harmful emissions and noise [16].…”