“…In the seminal works by Sigmund and Torquato [16], and Sigmund [17,18], metamaterials of negative thermal expansion, and micro-electromechanical actuators are designed, respectively. The idea of thermally driven actuation and multiphysical coupling has been widely explored thereafter, leading to the works including the extensions to different topology optimization approaches [19,20], the designs of piezo-electric actuators [21,22,23,24], and the designs of recent 4D printed structures that exhibit self-morphing behavior [25,26].…”