Optimal Electric Vehicle Charging Considering the Effects of a Financial Incentive on Battery Ageing

Abstract

As the market share of electric vehicles increases, the intermittent load on the electricity grid due to charging will increase. This can be counteracted by Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) which utilises dormant electric vehicles to feed power into the grid, generating income for the vehicle owner while relieving load across the grid. However, increased battery use through V2G can negatively affect battery health. In this work, a computational model of an electric vehicle with battery degradation is used to investigate the relationship of these effects. The analysis was conducted at the top level of detail, only considering the battery pack of the vehicle. The findings of this investigation show that the cost relating to battery degradation is smaller than the potential profit available from Vehicle-to-Grid over a three-year period. However, the benefit does not seem to be enough to justify the upfront investment requirement, and further financial incentives, such as net billing, may be required to make V2G economically viable. Future development within this field is vital for the success of the electric vehicle within the automotive markets, and for the transition to a renewable energy grid.

Integrating Battery Aging in the Optimization for Bidirectional Charging of Electric Vehicles

“…2. 5 Due to the low dynamics of EV charging, more complex models, e.g. resistor-capacitor-pairs or electro-chemical models, are not required [26].…”

“…the controlled and coordinated charging of EVs, helps to minimize EV operating cost [18] and prolong EV battery life [2]. To further diminish negative power grid impacts due to EV charging, [4], [5] [6]- [13] [14]- [16] [17] proposed work…”

“…These models can be vehicle-, vehicle-type-, or battery-specific, thus limiting a generic reuse. General initialization followed by incremental adaption, however, is conceivable 5. This model represents dedicated power electronics, hence it is vehiclespecific.…”

PV-Powered Charging Station with Energy Cost Optimization via V2G Services

“…A case study of an EV charging station based on a university campus in Jordan has been presented in [28], which investigates the feasibility of a V2G service to minimize the global consumption of energy drawn from the public grid. A computational model of an EV with battery degradation has been studied in [29] to supply power to the grid while gaining profit for the EV owner by alleviating the load on the main grid. The results show that the potential benefits from V2G are greater than the cost of battery degradation.…”

An Incentive-Based Mechanism to Enhance Energy Trading among Microgrids, EVs, and Grid

“…Thus, some effective mechanism should offset the cost of battery degradation and motivate EV owners to provide the V2G service. A computational model of EVs with battery degradation was examined in the study [15]. The results reveal the benefits of V2G technology, allowing EV owners to make a profit by outweighing the costs related to battery degradation.…”