Optimal Er:YAG laser irradiation parameters for debridement of microstructured fixture surfaces of titanium dental implants

Abstract

Er:YAG laser (ErL) irradiation has been reported to be effective for treating peri-implant disease. The present study seeks to evaluate morphological and elemental changes induced on microstructured surfaces of dental endosseous implants by high-pulse-repetition-rate ErL irradiation and to determine the optimal irradiation conditions for debriding contaminated microstructured surfaces. In experiment 1, dual acid-etched microstructured implants were irradiated by ErL (pulse energy, 30-50 mJ/pulse; repetition rate, 30 Hz) with and without water spray and for used and unused contact tips. Experiment 2 compared the ErL treatment with conventional mechanical treatments (metal/plastic curettes and ultrasonic scalers). In experiment 3, five commercially available microstructures were irradiated by ErL light (pulse energy, 30-50 mJ/pulse; pulse repetition rate, 30 Hz) while spraying water. In experiment 4, contaminated microstructured surfaces of three failed implants were debrided by ErL irradiation. After the experiments, all treated surfaces were assessed by stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and/or energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The stereomicroscopy, SEM, and EDS results demonstrate that, unlike mechanical treatments, ErL irradiation at 30 mJ/pulse and 30 Hz with water spray induced no color or morphological changes to the microstructures except for the anodized implant surface, which was easily damaged. The optimized irradiation parameters effectively removed calcified deposits from contaminated titanium microstructures without causing substantial thermal damage. ErL irradiation at pulse energies below 30 mJ/pulse (10.6 J/cm(2)/pulse) and 30 Hz with water spray in near-contact mode seems to cause no damage and to be effective for debriding microstructured surfaces (except for anodized microstructures).

Effective removal of calcified deposits on microstructured titanium fixture surfaces of dental implants with erbium lasers

“…reported that ErL irradiation accompanied by water spray is capable of titanium surface debridement without temperature rise of, or injuries to, the irradiated titanium surface. Taniguchi et al . clarified the optimal irradiation parameters of ErL using various implants.…”

“…Various mechanical instruments have been recently used for peri‐implantitis treatment . However, mechanical debridement is associated with significant problems such as physical damage to the implant and the presence of metal or plastic residues . To date, a suitable method to debride contaminated fixture surfaces with calcified deposits, while preserving the microstructure, has not yet been established.…”

“…Erbium lasers have shown promising results in peri‐implant therapy because of their various advantageous characteristics including soft and hard tissue ablation, decontamination, and enhancement of wettability of the irradiated surfaces . Additionally, Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers possess the ability to debride the microstructured surface of dental implants without causing mechanical damage . However, the effects of Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers, each with slightly different wavelengths, on titanium surfaces have not been investigated at the same irradiation conditions and there are few detailed studies regarding the removal of calcified deposits on microstructured surfaces .…”

Evaluation of Photodynamic Inactivation Efficiency Using Conventional and Decorative Light-Emitting Diode Lamps

“…(17,18) PDI uses a specific-wavelength LED or laser irradiation on a photosensitizer (PS). (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) The PS transfers energy to oxygen molecules, producing singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, lipid-derived radicals, and ROS can oxidize proteins, peroxidize lipids, and damage nucleic acids, resulting in bacterial death.…”

Energy output reduction and surface alteration of quartz tips following Er:YAG laser contact irradiation on soft and hard tissues <i>in vitro </i>

“…The ErL applications in dental treatments such as operative dentistry [13][14][15][16] , pediatric dentistry 17,18) , endodontics [19][20][21] , periodontics [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] , and oral surgery 30,31) have increased in recent years. Furthermore, the use of ErL has also been proposed in implant therapy applications such as the implant placement procedure as well as treatment of peri-implantitis [32][33][34][35][36][37] . On ErL irradiation, two irradiation modes are available: non-contact and contact modes 38) .…”