“…As for the operation of the OWL, it is subject to some regulatory barriers, customs clearance, foreign-language communication, and returns handling, in addition to shipping cost, delivery cost, and delivery options (Gomez-Herrera et al, 2014; Giufrida et al, 2020) [14,15]. International outsourcing of OWL is likely to increase, to handle e-commerce shipments (Morganti et al, 2014; [13,16], to reduce the risks of the investment in foreign market logistics assets, and clear the local knowledge barriers (Shi et al, 2016;Ren et al, 2020) [17,18], as well as to minimize operating costs and carbon emissions and to improve service level (Liu and Lyons, 2011; [19][20][21]. Here, we focus on an integrated OWL, which provides one-stop control and management service for frst-way transportation, warehousing, sorting, packaging, goods delivery, and customs declaration/customs clearance, established and operated by the third-party logistics provider, as well as supply chain optimization, goods identifcation, anticounterfeiting traceability (Lee and Yeon, 2021) [22], logistics real-time tracking, rapid response to consumer demand, customized solution, and other services (Wang, 2018) [23].…”