This paper presents an anti-unwinding control method for the attitude stabilization of a rigid spacecraft. Quaternion has double stable equilibrium and this may cause unwinding problems in spacecraft attitude control if both the equilibria are not considered in control design. Here, the initial condition of scalar quaternion is included in sliding surface and an anti-unwinding control method is formulated in second-order sliding mode. The presented second-order sliding mode controller can alleviate chattering and ensure a smooth control for actuator. Further, to eliminate the need of advance information about bounds of uncertainty and external disturbance, adaptive laws are applied to estimate the controller gains. The closed-loop stability is proved using the Lyapunov stability theory. In conclusion, a simulation is conducted in the presence of inertia uncertainty and external disturbances and it is found that the presented control method is efficient to negate the effect of inertia uncertainty and external disturbances, alleviate chattering, eliminate unwinding, and ensure high accuracy and steady state precision. P. M. Tiwari received his M.Tech and PhD in Control Engineering from Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 2005 and 2016, respectively. Currently, he is a faculty with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida. His research interests include sliding mode control, adaptive control, attitude control, and process control. S. Janardhanan received his M.Tech and PhD in Systems and Control Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 2002 and 2006, respectively. Currently, he is a faculty with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. He has over 100 publications in journals and conferences of international repute to his credit. His research interests include discrete-time systems, model order reduction, sliding mode control and robotics. M. Un-Nabi received his M.Tech and PhD in Control Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur and Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai in 2003 and 2005, respectively. Currently, he is a faculty with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. He has around 60 publications in journals and conferences of international repute to his credit. His research interests include model order reduction, guidance and control, and sliding mode control.