“…However, alternative energy sources must be sustainable so that it could be used for a long term and they do not compete with other (Almutairi et al, 2023;Ilham et al, 2022). As reported in literature, the existing renewable energy sources such hydropower (Forouzi Feshalami, 2018;Li and Saracoglu, 2021), wind (Chen et al, 2022;Hassoine et al, 2022), solar (Shahzad Nazir et al, 2021;Shi and Luo, 2018), biomass (Duc Bui et al, 2023;Ortiz-Alvarez et al, 2022), and hydrogen (Kharisma et al, 2022; S. J. are available and abundant. Additionally, the population in the world is increasing, showing a large number of wastes could be released into environment every day that also cause the threat to the living environment (Bigdeloo et al, 2021;Wowrzeczka, 2021).…”