Optimal Operation of Active Distribution Network Involving the Unbalance and Harmonic Compensation of Converter

Applications of optimization models for electricity distribution networks

“…Some authors require “balanced” operation of the inverter, where the power setpoint is the same across the phases (Giraldo et al, 2019). Notable extensions include: current balance for three‐wire inverters, which due to the lack of a neutral wire cannot inject zero‐sequence current (Gastalver‐Rubio et al, 2019); harmonic compensation capabilities, applying operational bounds to the sum of fundamental and harmonic components (J. Wang et al, 2019). ESS : ESS is a generic term for a device that stores energy; depending on the underlying energy conversion technology, the size and loss characteristics can vary widely.…”

“…Three generic, rather canonical objectives are encountered often, that is, minimizing. Network losses : The lines and other lossy components incur Joule losses when they carry current. At a system‐level, conservation of power states that “generation = load + losses.” If the load is fixed, then minimizing the losses is equivalent to minimizing the total generation; minimizing generation is often preferred as active power generation is directly available as a sum of variables (Nguyen et al, 2019; J. Wang et al, 2019). When load is voltage‐dependent, minimizing the total generation combines reduced network losses and benefits from CVR (Gutierrez‐Lagos & Ochoa, 2019).…”

“…More situation‐specific objectives have also been used, including: Minimizing unbalance through the sum of squares of the negative sequence voltage magnitude at each bus (Araujo et al, 2013; J. Wang et al, 2019); Minimizing harmonics through the sum of squares of harmonic voltage magnitudes (J. Wang et al, 2019); Minimizing PV curtailment (M. Z. Liu et al, 2020; Nguyen et al, 2019; Ricciardi et al, 2019); Minimizing the number of curtailed loads (Vanin et al, 2020); Maximizing EV charging, inversely weighted by the charge level of the individual EVs (Richardson et al, 2012). Maximizing welfare in markets with distribution marginal locational pricing (Bai et al, 2018; Y. Liu et al, 2018; these references do not include an unbalanced model). …”

“…In a model with an explicit neutral, these bounds apply to the difference of the phase voltages and the neutral voltage (Gastalver‐Rubio et al, 2019; Y. Liu et al, 2019a). Other variations include “probabilistically robust” constraints (Giraldo et al, 2019), and constraints including harmonic components (J. Wang et al, 2019). Current magnitude : The square of the current magnitude is proportional to the Joule losses in a resistive conductor.…”

“…• Minimizing unbalance through the sum of squares of the negative sequence voltage magnitude at each bus (Araujo et al, 2013;J. Wang et al, 2019); • Minimizing harmonics through the sum of squares of harmonic voltage magnitudes (J.…”