Optimal Planning of Electric-Vehicle Charging Stations in Distribution Systems

Power system steady-state analysis with large-scale electric vehicle integration

“…Moreover, while being user flexible, this model should also be adaptable for different types of applications such as load levelling, tie-line regulation, RES support, and cost-benefit solutions. It is feasible to consider EVs in power system dispatch, however inappropriate siting and sizing of charging/discharging stations may render negative impacts on EV development and investment [20][21][22]. EV station siting and sizing requires combined and accurate assessment of power system capacity, geographic information, traffic routes and layout and cost minimization.…”

“…EV station siting and sizing requires combined and accurate assessment of power system capacity, geographic information, traffic routes and layout and cost minimization. Liu et al [20] developed an optimal planning method for location and planning for EV charging stations in distribution systems. However, the total EV number considered was limited and the siting and sizing results are for distribution grids with voltage levels < 11 kV.…”

“…If the practical method is introduced, [16] is modified as follows: (20) where,  is the engineering practical value for transmission losses. A typical value is 7%.…”

“…Due to security reasons, the parameters of the network are not given. The costs per unit power are shown in Table 4 [20,42].…”

“…Numbers of candidate capacity refer to different sizes of EV stations. Such sizes are determined by load power and transformer rated power [20].…”