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SUMMARYDecision confidence plays a key role in flexible behavior, but exactly how and when it arises in the brain remains unclear. Theoretical accounts suggest that confidence can be inferred from the same evidence accumulation process that governs choice and response time (RT), implying that a provisional confidence assessment could be updated in parallel with decision formation. We tested this using a novel RT task in nonhuman primates that measures choice and confidence with a single eye movement on every trial. Monkey behavior was well fit by a 2D bounded accumulator model instantiating parallel processing of evidence, rejecting a serial model in which choice is resolved first followed by post-decision accumulation for confidence. Neural activity in area LIP reflected concurrent accumulation, exhibiting within-trial dynamics consistent with parallel updating at near zero time lag, and significant covariation in choice and confidence signals across the population. The results demonstrate that monkeys concurrently process a single stream of evidence to arrive at a choice and level of confidence, and illuminate a candidate neural mechanism for this ability.
SUMMARYDecision confidence plays a key role in flexible behavior, but exactly how and when it arises in the brain remains unclear. Theoretical accounts suggest that confidence can be inferred from the same evidence accumulation process that governs choice and response time (RT), implying that a provisional confidence assessment could be updated in parallel with decision formation. We tested this using a novel RT task in nonhuman primates that measures choice and confidence with a single eye movement on every trial. Monkey behavior was well fit by a 2D bounded accumulator model instantiating parallel processing of evidence, rejecting a serial model in which choice is resolved first followed by post-decision accumulation for confidence. Neural activity in area LIP reflected concurrent accumulation, exhibiting within-trial dynamics consistent with parallel updating at near zero time lag, and significant covariation in choice and confidence signals across the population. The results demonstrate that monkeys concurrently process a single stream of evidence to arrive at a choice and level of confidence, and illuminate a candidate neural mechanism for this ability.
Visual object recognition has been extensively studied under fixation conditions, but our natural viewing involves frequent saccadic eye movements that scan multiple local informative features within an object (e.g., eyes and mouth in a face image). Such visual exploration can facilitate object recognition, but mechanistic accounts of the contribution of saccades are yet to be established due to the presumed complexity of the interactions between the visual and oculomotor systems. Here, we present a framework for formulating object recognition as a process of accumulating evidence from local features through saccades to render a decision. This approach offers a simple model that quantitatively explains human face and object categorization behavior, even under conditions in which people freely make saccades to scan local features, departing from past studies that required controlled eye movements to examine trans-saccadic integration. Notably, our experimental results showed that active saccade commands (efference copy) did not substantially contribute to behavioral performance and that the patterns of saccades were largely independent of the ongoing decision-making processes. Therefore, we propose that object recognition with saccades can be approximated using a parsimonious decision-making model without assuming complex interactions between the visual and oculomotor systems.
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