“…More recently, the ASE of the emerging massive MIMO cellular systems was studied together with energy efficiency [16]. Omri and Hasna [17] adopted a new metric – power spectral efficiency to find the optimal transmission power at each BS, or the optimal number of BSs to cover the given area with minimum consumed power. In [18, 19], the authors introduced the concept of affected area and defined the new metric general ASE, based on which they evaluated the spectral and power efficiency of three different transmission scenarios.…”