“…A few of the contemporaneous and relevant papers are on the stochastic theory of compartments with applications to manpower planning (Agrafiotis, 1991), convergence of a manpower distribution (Ledermann, 1992), cohort analysis technique for long-term manpower planning (Chu and Lin, 1994), use of DEA for planning in UK universities (Sarricol and Dyson, 2000), modelling for planning and management of bed capacities in hospitals (Harper and Shahani, 2002), modelling heterogeneity in manpower systems (De Feyter, 2006), modelling of mixed push and pull promotion flows (De Feyter, 2007), an application of Markov manpower planning models in the armed forces (Skulj et al, 2008), profile-based push models (Guerry, 2008), a recent review of Markov models in manpower planning (De Feyter and Guerry, 2009a), Fuzzy set theory in stochastic manpower planning (De Feyter and Guerry, 2009b), two-stage workforce planning under demand fluctuations and uncertainty (Zhu and Sherali, 2009), and planning and benchmarking of doctoral programmes using Markov models (Nicholls, 2009). The most recent work is that of Li et al (2010) on optimal manpower decisions with a minimal length of employment constraint, Guerry (2011) on hidden heterogeneity in Markov manpower systems, Kim and Yoo (2012) on combined manpower planning and preventive maintenance strategies, and Guerry and De Feyter (2012) on optimal recruitment strategies in multi-level manpower planning. The papers of direct relevance to our study are those on proportionality systems and their characteristics (Nilakantan et al, 2010), and career growth properties in Markov manpower systems (Nilakantan, 2013).…”