“…The TSP is widely studied and is perhaps the most common combinatorial optimization problem in experimental studies. It has been used in machine learning [34,35], ant colony optimization [36,37], GA [19,24,38,39], other forms of EA [22,23,40], and other metaheuristics [41][42][43][44][45]. There are variations of the problem, such as the Asymmetric TSP (ATSP), where the cost of using an edge differs depending upon the direction of travel along the edge [46,47].…”