Optimal sampling strategies for evaluating fruit softening after harvest in apple breeding

Iwanami, Hiroshi; Ishiguro, Makoto; Kotoda, Nobuhiro; Takahashi, S.; Soejima, Junichi

doi:10.1007/s10681-005-5340-7

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The lack of interaction could be attributed to the softening rates of individual progenies not being significantly different from year to year. This observation was consistent with the results of Iwanami et al (2005a), which showed that the softening rate, represented by a linear regression coefficient, was stable against environmental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The regression coefficient measures the softening rate and can be estimated from a limited number of harvested fruit in breeding situations. Iwanami et al (2005a) also indicated that, although the estimate of the parameter was influenced by environmental factors such as year, tree, and sampling date, the magnitudes of the influence were relatively small, and the estimate was considered to be stable against environmental conditions. The linear regression coefficient, therefore, can be a useful index for comparing relatives as the phenotypic value of softening after harvest.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Estimations of Heritability and Breeding Value for Postharvest Fruit Softening in Apple

Iwanami¹,

Moriya²,

Kotoda³

et al. 2008

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Progenies from 38 unbalanced crosses using 20 apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) cultivars/selections as parents were evaluated for changes in flesh firmness after harvest in two seasons to determine the mechanism of inheritance of fruit softening. The change in firmness was fitted by linear regression, and the softening rate (N·d−1) expressed as the regression coefficient was used as the phenotypic value of softening after harvest. Fruit were stored under 20 °C and 85% relative humidity after harvest for up to 40 days. The softening rates in the progeny populations were distributed continuously around the softening rates of parents, despite a distinct segregation in the degree of mealiness at 30 days of storage. The narrow-sense heritability of the softening rate was estimated by parent-offspring regression, and the estimate was high (h2 = 0.93). Because the softening rate can be influenced by mealiness, an undesirable trait in the apple industry, the progenies were divided into individuals with and without mealiness, and the breeding values of the parents were estimated based on the softening rate of the nonmealy progeny. The softening rate of the nonmealy progeny was analyzed using a mixed linear model and the restricted maximum likelihood method, with general combining ability (GCA) as parental effects and specific combining ability (SCA) as parental interaction effects. The variance of GCA was significant, but the variance of SCA was small and nonsignificant. The narrow-sense heritability of the softening rate in the nonmealy progeny was estimated by sib analysis, and the estimate was moderately high (h2 = 0.55). A significant correlation was observed between the phenotypic value and the breeding value (twice the GCA effects) in nonmealy parents, but the phenotypic value did not significantly correlate with the breeding value in mealy parents. Therefore, contribution of a mealy parent to the softening rate of nonmealy progenies cannot be predicted by its phenotypic value.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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confidence: 99%

Estimations of Heritability and Breeding Value for Postharvest Fruit Softening in Apple

Iwanami¹,

Moriya²,

Kotoda³

et al. 2008

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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“…Iwanami et al [38] investigated 23 cultivars and a breeding line under a time-course experiment to evaluate firmness and mealiness and divided them into four groups based on their results after 40 days of storage at 20 • C. The watercore-susceptible cultivars 'Starking Delicious' and 'Red Gold' were placed in the most rapid mealiness developing group, whereas 'Fuji' was the firmest and most nonmealy cultivar. This was consistent with other previous studies [44][45][46]. Iwanami et al [47] also found that the softening performance of an apple cultivar during storage was highly dependent on the degree of mealiness and turgor reduction rate.…”

Section: Apple Cultivars and Texture Measurementsupporting

confidence: 92%

Flavor and Texture Characteristics of ‘Fuji’ and Related Apple (Malus domestica L.) Cultivars, Focusing on the Rich Watercore

2020

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Watercore is a so-called physiological disorder of apple (Malus domestica L.) that commonly occurs in several well-known cultivars. It is associated with a rapid softening of the flesh that causes a marked changed in flavor and texture. In Asia, apples with watercore are preferred and considered a delicacy because of their enhanced sweet flavor. The ‘Fuji’ cultivar, the first cultivar with rich watercore that is free from texture deterioration, has played a key role in the development of the market for desirable watercored apples. This review aimed to summarize and highlight recent studies related to the physiology of watercore in apples with special focus on ‘Fuji’ and related cultivars.

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“…Because the degree of the change in firmness during storage can fluctuate depending on environmental factors such as harvest year (Ingle and Morris, 1989), orchard, and harvest date (Johnston et al, 2002b), the prediction of fruit quality after cold storage may not be accurate if each fruit under cold and shelf temperature is sampled under different environmental conditions. However, environmental variances of the firmness reduction rate such as those associated with genotype · year, year · tree, tree and harvest date were all reported to be very small by comparison with variance associated with genotype (Iwanami et al, 2005a). Therefore, the estimate of the effect of the storage The prediction was made by multiplying the days of storage at 20°C by 8.9 in each cultivar.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Storability in Cold Temperatures Can Be Evaluated Based on Changes in Fruit Quality in Apple Genotypes Under Shelf Life Conditions

Iwanami¹,

Moriya²,

Kotoda³

et al. 2008

horts

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To compare changes in fruit quality during cold storage with those during shelf life conditions, flesh firmness and titratable acidity (TA) were measured during storage in 20 apple (Malus ·domestica Borkh.) cultivars. Fruit of each cultivar were divided into two groups and stored in chambers controlled at 20 ± 2 8C and 85 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) (shelf life conditions) or 0.5 ± 0.3 8C and 95 ± 5% RH (cold storage). Five of the stored fruit were removed for measurements at 5-or 10-d intervals for 40 d and at 1-month intervals until 10 months after harvest at 20 8C and 0.5 8C, respectively. Data for firmness and TA were subjected to a linear regression and a nonlinear regression, respectively. Moreover, to determine the advantages of 0.5 8C storage over 20 8C storage for retaining firmness and TA, the effect of storage type on extending the storage period was introduced as a parameter. The estimate of the effect of storage type showed that firmness and TA could be retained 8.9 and 3.7 times, respectively, longer at 0.5 8C than 20 8C, independently of the cultivar. Therefore, firmness and TA after cold storage could be predicted by the change in firmness and TA during shelf life conditions. Moreover, cultivar differences regarding quality change under cold storage could be determined in a short period after harvest because the cultivar differences under shelf life conditions were detected within 1 month after harvest.Storage potential is generally evaluated by measuring fruit quality before and after storage. A cultivar with the smallest change in fruit quality between at harvest and after storage or a cultivar with acceptable levels of quality as evaluated by sensory analysis after storage was determined to have a good storage potential. Because apples can be stored and are marketed year-round, the evaluation of fruit quality requires a long time and a large amount of fruit because measurements should be made several times during storage. This means that it is difficult to evaluate the storage potential and select cultivars for their storage potential in apple breeding programs. For this reason, Iwanami et al. (2004) measured changes in fruit firmness during shelf life conditions at 20°C and proposed a regression parameter that could be used as an indicator of storage potential in breeding programs. Changes in fruit quality in shelf life conditions were rapid, and cultivar differences regarding the changes could be determined shortly after harvest. However, the differences among cultivars regarding the degradation of fruit quality in shelf life conditions were not assumed to be the same as those in cold storage, which is the typical method of storage.Fruit quality is defined comprehensively by appearance, texture, flavor, and the absence of physiological disorders. Delayed loss of firmness and titratable acidity (TA) are the most important indicators for evaluating apple storage practices. Therefore, the objectives of this study were 1) to measure changes in firmness and acidity during storage at 0.5°C (cold st...

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Optimal sampling strategies for evaluating fruit softening after harvest in apple breeding

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

Estimations of Heritability and Breeding Value for Postharvest Fruit Softening in Apple

Estimations of Heritability and Breeding Value for Postharvest Fruit Softening in Apple

Flavor and Texture Characteristics of ‘Fuji’ and Related Apple (Malus domestica L.) Cultivars, Focusing on the Rich Watercore

Storability in Cold Temperatures Can Be Evaluated Based on Changes in Fruit Quality in Apple Genotypes Under Shelf Life Conditions

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